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Bio 141 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Helicase

A

unzipping DNA seperating strands

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2
Q

DNA Gyrase

A

Prevent Coiling

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3
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

synthhesize new/ replicated strands
5 prime to 3 prime

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4
Q

Endonucleases

A

Cut the DNA Intially

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5
Q

Endonucleases

A

Cut the DNA Intially

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6
Q

Exonucleases

A

Cut DNA at the tips/ends

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7
Q

scientist Griffith

A

first experiment suggesting that bacteria are capable of transforming genetic information through a process known as transformation

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8
Q

Scientists Avery, Macleod, and Mccarty

A

transforming principle was DNA

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9
Q

Chargaff

A

The individual responsible for discovering the base pairing rules for DNA.

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10
Q

Fanklin and Wilkins

A

double helix structure of DNA

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11
Q

Watson and Crick

A

3D double helix structure of DNA

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12
Q

Meselson and Stahl

A

Determined that DNA replication is semiconservative.

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13
Q

Structure of DNA

A

two linked strands that wind around each other to resemble a twisted ladder — a shape known as a double helix

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14
Q

what bond links two nucleotides

A

phosphodiester bond

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15
Q

What bond links two nitrogenous bases?

A

three hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

Antiparallel Nature of DNA

A

two strands of the DNA double helix are read in opposite directions
-DNA is read/transcribed from 3’ to 5’

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17
Q

semiconservative nature of dna replication

A

produces two copies that each contained one of the original strands of dna and one new strand

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18
Q

Prokaryotic Cell DNA

A

found in nucleoid region
-single strand
- Bacteria and Archaea

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19
Q

Eukaryotic Cell DNA

A

mammals (YOU)
-Double strand
-found in Nucleus

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20
Q

Primase

A

synthesizes RNA primer during DNA Replication

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21
Q

DNA Ligase

A

join together fragments of newly synthesizd DNA to form a seamless strand

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22
Q

Leading Strand

A

strand that runs 5’ to 3’ direction in the replication fork

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23
Q

lagging strand

A

one of two strands of DNA found at the replication fork, or junction, in the double helix

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24
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

small sections of DNA that are formed during discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand during DNA replication

25
Q

Telomeres

A

found at both end of each chromosomes
protects genome from necleoytc degradation

26
Q

telomerases

A

Enzymes that replace/repair telomeres by adding back onto the degraded DNA strand.

1) Expressed in rapidly dividing cells

27
Q

two DNA repair mechanisms we talked about (thymine dimers and a damaged/incorrect base.

A

photoreactivation- energy from visible light is used to split the bonds forming th cyclobutane ring
alkylating agents

28
Q

Beadle and Tatum

A

one gene one enzyme hypothesis

29
Q

crick and brinner

A

first discovered codon

30
Q

nurenberg

A

three nucleotide sequence coding 1 amino acid

31
Q

one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis

A

there is one gene that codes for one polypeptide

32
Q

one gene one protein

A

Unit of DNA which codes for one protein

33
Q

central dogma of molecular biology

A

information is transferred from DNA to RNA to protein

34
Q

translation

A

process a protein is synthesized from the ino contained in a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA)

35
Q

transcription

A

the info in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger

36
Q

stop codon

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

37
Q

start codin

A

AUG

38
Q

template strand

A

guides the formation of mRNA through complementary base pairing

39
Q

coding strand

A

serves as a template for producing complementary RNA

40
Q

polymerase

A

A method of producing thousands of copies of DNA segment using the enzyme DNA polymerase

41
Q

steps of transcription

A
  1. Initiation- beginning
  2. Elongation- nucleotides to the mRNA strand
  3. Termination- ending, occurs when RNA Polymerase crosses a stop sequence in the gene
42
Q

Transcription in Prokaryotes

A

occurs in the cytoplasm
initiation, elongation, and termination
RNA Polymerase recognizes a promoter site on the DNA Strand

43
Q

Eukaryotic Transcription

A

occurs in the nucleus under the direction of three forms of RNA polymerases.

44
Q

how does spliceosomes work

A

they assemble on RNA Polymerase II transcripts from which they excise RNA sequences called introng and splice together the flaning sequences called exons

45
Q

define exons

A

a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule containing information coding for a protein or peptide sequence.

46
Q

define introns

A

a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule that does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes.

47
Q

transfer RNA

A

serves as a link between the mRNA an the growing chain of amino acids that make up a protein

48
Q

E site

A

exit) location “empty” tRNA sits before being released back into the cytoplasm

49
Q

P site

A

holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain

50
Q

A site

A

accepts the incoming aminocyl-tRNA

51
Q

Translation: initated, terminated, elongated

A

ribosome gets together with the mRNA ans the first trna so translation begins, amino acids are brought to the ribosome by trnas and linked together to form a chain

52
Q

Point Mutations

A

Frameshift, silent, nonsense, and missense

53
Q

Chromosal mutations

A

deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

54
Q

genes regulated in eukaryotes

A

epigenetic regulation (INTERNAL)

55
Q

major groove of DNA

A

main site for protein binding where proteins interact with several nucleotides

56
Q

Major motifs involved in DNA binding

A

Helix turn Helix motif, Leucine Zipper Motif, Helix loop helix, zinc finger motif,

57
Q

Positive controls

A

ensure that a change in the dependent variable occurs when expected

58
Q

Negative Controls

A

ensure no change in the dependent variable when no change is expected

Bio 141 (1 decks)

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