Exam 4

Question 1

Helicase

Answer 1

unzipping DNA seperating strands

Question 2

DNA Gyrase

Answer 2

Prevent Coiling

Question 3

DNA Polymerase

Answer 3

synthhesize new/ replicated strands
5 prime to 3 prime

Question 4

Endonucleases

Answer 4

Cut the DNA Intially

Question 5

Endonucleases

Answer 5

Cut the DNA Intially

Question 6

Exonucleases

Answer 6

Cut DNA at the tips/ends

Question 7

scientist Griffith

Answer 7

first experiment suggesting that bacteria are capable of transforming genetic information through a process known as transformation

Question 8

Scientists Avery, Macleod, and Mccarty

Answer 8

transforming principle was DNA

Question 9

Chargaff

Answer 9

The individual responsible for discovering the base pairing rules for DNA.

Question 10

Fanklin and Wilkins

Answer 10

double helix structure of DNA

Question 11

Watson and Crick

Answer 11

3D double helix structure of DNA

Question 12

Meselson and Stahl

Answer 12

Determined that DNA replication is semiconservative.

Question 13

Structure of DNA

Answer 13

two linked strands that wind around each other to resemble a twisted ladder — a shape known as a double helix

Question 14

what bond links two nucleotides

Answer 14

phosphodiester bond

Question 15

What bond links two nitrogenous bases?

Answer 15

three hydrogen bonds

Question 16

Antiparallel Nature of DNA

Answer 16

two strands of the DNA double helix are read in opposite directions
-DNA is read/transcribed from 3’ to 5’

Question 17

semiconservative nature of dna replication

Answer 17

produces two copies that each contained one of the original strands of dna and one new strand

Question 18

Prokaryotic Cell DNA

Answer 18

found in nucleoid region
-single strand
- Bacteria and Archaea

Question 19

Eukaryotic Cell DNA

Answer 19

mammals (YOU)
-Double strand
-found in Nucleus

Question 20

Primase

Answer 20

synthesizes RNA primer during DNA Replication

Question 21

DNA Ligase

Answer 21

join together fragments of newly synthesizd DNA to form a seamless strand

Question 22

Leading Strand

Answer 22

strand that runs 5’ to 3’ direction in the replication fork

Question 23

lagging strand

Answer 23

one of two strands of DNA found at the replication fork, or junction, in the double helix

Question 24

Okazaki fragments

Answer 24

small sections of DNA that are formed during discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand during DNA replication

Question 25

Telomeres

Answer 25

found at both end of each chromosomes protects genome from necleoytc degradation

Question 26

telomerases

Answer 26

Enzymes that replace/repair telomeres by adding back onto the degraded DNA strand. 1) Expressed in rapidly dividing cells

Question 27

two DNA repair mechanisms we talked about (thymine dimers and a damaged/incorrect base.

Answer 27

photoreactivation- energy from visible light is used to split the bonds forming th cyclobutane ring alkylating agents

Question 28

Beadle and Tatum

Answer 28

one gene one enzyme hypothesis

Question 29

crick and brinner

Answer 29

first discovered codon

Question 30

nurenberg

Answer 30

three nucleotide sequence coding 1 amino acid

Question 31

one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis

Answer 31

there is one gene that codes for one polypeptide

Question 32

one gene one protein

Answer 32

Unit of DNA which codes for one protein

Question 33

central dogma of molecular biology

Answer 33

information is transferred from DNA to RNA to protein

Question 34

translation

Answer 34

process a protein is synthesized from the ino contained in a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 35

transcription

Answer 35

the info in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger

Question 36

stop codon

Answer 36

UAA, UAG, UGA

Question 37

start codin

Answer 37

AUG

Question 38

template strand

Answer 38

guides the formation of mRNA through complementary base pairing

Question 39

coding strand

Answer 39

serves as a template for producing complementary RNA

Question 40

polymerase

Answer 40

A method of producing thousands of copies of DNA segment using the enzyme DNA polymerase

Question 41

steps of transcription

Answer 41

1. Initiation- beginning 2. Elongation- nucleotides to the mRNA strand 3. Termination- ending, occurs when RNA Polymerase crosses a stop sequence in the gene

Question 42

Transcription in Prokaryotes

Answer 42

occurs in the cytoplasm initiation, elongation, and termination RNA Polymerase recognizes a promoter site on the DNA Strand

Question 43

Eukaryotic Transcription

Answer 43

occurs in the nucleus under the direction of three forms of RNA polymerases.

Question 44

how does spliceosomes work

Answer 44

they assemble on RNA Polymerase II transcripts from which they excise RNA sequences called introng and splice together the flaning sequences called exons

Question 45

define exons

Answer 45

a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule containing information coding for a protein or peptide sequence.

Question 46

define introns

Answer 46

a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule that does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes.

Question 47

transfer RNA

Answer 47

serves as a link between the mRNA an the growing chain of amino acids that make up a protein

Question 48

E site

Answer 48

exit) location "empty" tRNA sits before being released back into the cytoplasm

Question 49

P site

Answer 49

holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain

Question 50

A site

Answer 50

accepts the incoming aminocyl-tRNA

Question 51

Translation: initated, terminated, elongated

Answer 51

ribosome gets together with the mRNA ans the first trna so translation begins, amino acids are brought to the ribosome by trnas and linked together to form a chain

Question 52

Point Mutations

Answer 52

Frameshift, silent, nonsense, and missense

Question 53

Chromosal mutations

Answer 53

deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

Question 54

genes regulated in eukaryotes

Answer 54

epigenetic regulation (INTERNAL)

Question 55

major groove of DNA

Answer 55

main site for protein binding where proteins interact with several nucleotides

Question 56

Major motifs involved in DNA binding

Answer 56

Helix turn Helix motif, Leucine Zipper Motif, Helix loop helix, zinc finger motif,

Question 57

Positive controls

Answer 57

ensure that a change in the dependent variable occurs when expected

Question 58

Negative Controls

Answer 58

ensure no change in the dependent variable when no change is expected