Exam 4 Flashcards
The nurse has instructed the client on the use of a metered-dose inhaler. Which instruction should the nurse include in the client education?
A. Explain the need to wait 30 seconds before taking a second dose of medication.
B. Train the client to monitor the respiratory rate for 1 minute after taking the medication.
C. Tell the client to exhale immediately after inhaling the medication.
D. Teach the client to push the top of the medication canister while taking a deep breath
D. Teach the client to push the top of the medication canister while taking a deep breath
After administering an inhaled medication via a metered-dose inhaler, the nurse asks the client to take which action?
A. Take in a deep breath.
B. Spit out excess medication.
C. Rinse and gargle with water.
D. Clear the throat forcefully.
C. Rinse and gargle with water.
The nurse is caring for a client for whom the health care provider has prescribed a metered-dose inhaler medication and the client expresses concern about possible side effects. Which systemic effects would the nurse advise the client may occur with this medication? Select all the apply.
A. orthopnea
B. tachycardia
C. tachypnea
D. irritation of mucous membranes
E. palpitations
B. tachycardia
D. irritation of mucous membranes
E. palpitations
The nurse has educated a client about the use of a prescribed metered-dose inhaler. What actions should the client learn to perform prior to inhaling the metered dose? Select all that apply.
A. Cough up respiratory tract secretions.
B. Blow the nose.
C. Cough and deep breathe 5 times.
D. Drink 8 oz of water.
E. Rinse the mouth.
A. Cough up respiratory tract secretions.
B. Blow the nose.
The nurse is teaching the client how to correctly use a metered-dose inhaler with a spacer. The prescription is for two puffs of the medication. Which client action displays understanding of the education?
A. Exhaling immediately after administration of each puff
B. Refraining from shaking the canister before and between puffs
C. Placing the mouthpiece of the inhaler in the mouth
D. Administering 2 puffs of the medication in rapid succession
C. Placing the mouthpiece of the inhaler in the mouth
The client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease uses an albuterol metered-dose inhaler at home. The client asks how to use the newly prescribed dry powder inhaler. What does the nurse explain to the client?
A. “The dry powder inhaler only delivers medication when you inhale.”
B. “A dry powder inhaler will feel empty when it needs to be replaced.”
C. “A dry powder inhaler can be used on a schedule or just as needed.”
D. “The dry powder inhaler delivers puff of medication into the air.”
A. “The dry powder inhaler only delivers medication when you inhale.”
The client completes use of the dry powder inhaler. What action must the nurse perform after use of this medication?
A. Obtain the client’s blood glucose level.
B. Assist the client to rinse out the mouth.
C. Instruct the client about use of the medication.
D. Assess the client’s lung sounds.
B. Assist the client to rinse out the mouth.
The nurse administers a dry powder dose inhaler to a client. The nurse stops and teaches the client when the client makes which statement?
A. “I usually don’t need help. I don’t think you have to watch me.”
B. “I think the medication in these inhalers has gotten expensive.”
C. “I have used this inhaler once or twice a day for 2 or 3 years.”
D. “My allergies are not bothering me. I do not need the inhaler.”
D. “My allergies are not bothering me. I do not need the inhaler.”
The nurse administers a dry powder inhaler to a client. The client takes this medication at home. What action does the nurse take?
A. Teach the client how to use the inhaler using step-by-step instructions.
B. Instruct the client on differences between home and in-hospital inhalers.
C. Ask the client to use the normally prescribed inhalers from home.
D. Have the client use the inhaler while the nurse prepares other medications.
A. Teach the client how to use the inhaler using step-by-step instructions.
After the client inhales a dose from a dry powder inhaler, which action does the nurse instruct the client to take next?
A. Exhale the breath slowly and evenly.
B. Rinse mouth out with water and spit.
C. Wait 1 minute before inhaling again.
D. Hold breath for 5 to 10 seconds.
D. Hold breath for 5 to 10 seconds.
The nurse is administering an inhaled medication via a small-volume nebulizer to a client. What indicates that the medication is being administered correctly?
A. A fine mist forms in the air.
B. A cloud of powder appears between the canister and mouth.
C. Air is felt coming through the tubing.
D. The client begins to cough forcefully
A. A fine mist forms in the air.
After administering an inhaled medication via a small-volume nebulizer, which action should the nurse have the client do?
A. Blow the nose forcefully.
B. Rinse and gargle with tap water.
C. Perform deep-breathing and coughing exercises.
D. Remain still for approximately 5 minutes.
B. Rinse and gargle with tap water.
The nurse is administering a medication using a small-volume nebulizer. What would the nurse instruct the client to do?
A. Have the client inhale slowly and deeply through the mouth.
B. Depress the canister as the client begins to exhale slowly.
C. Tell the client to breathe normally.
D. Place the mouthpiece about 1 to 2 in (2.5 to 5 cm) from the mouth.
A. Have the client inhale slowly and deeply through the mouth.
The nurse will be administering an inhaled medication via a small-volume nebulizer to a client. What would the nurse have the client do first?
A. Rinse and gargle with tap water.
B. Remain still for approximately 5 minutes.
C. Encourage client to blow the nose and cough up secretions.
D. Perform deep-breathing and coughing exercises.
C. Encourage client to blow the nose and cough up secretions.
The nurse has educated the client on the use and reasons for using inhaled medications via a small-volume nebulizer. Which statements by the client indicate that education has been effective? Select all that apply.
A. “The nebulizer propels droplets into the nose.”
B. “Drops improve ventilation and oxygenation.”
C. “Drops are introduced into the nostril by a dropper.”
D. “Fine mist is inhaled deep into the lower respiratory tract.”
E. “Medication can be delivered through mouthpiece or mask.”
B. “Drops improve ventilation and oxygenation.”
D. “Fine mist is inhaled deep into the lower respiratory tract.”
E. “Medication can be delivered through mouthpiece or mask.”
The nurse explains to a client with a history of asthma why the health care provider has prescribed an incentive spirometer to be used postoperatively. What is the therapeutic effect of using this device?
A. It allows the client to take shallow breaths after surgery.
B. It teaches the client to take deep breaths after surgery.
C. It helps the client to relax after surgery.
D. It helps the client to cough and remove mucous from the lungs.
B. It teaches the client to take deep breaths after surgery.
The nurse is preparing to teach a client how to perform incentive spirometry. Which concepts should the nurse include?
A. The client should forcefully exhale into the incentive spirometer and continue to exhale until unable to continue.
B. Incentive spirometry provides visual reinforcement for deep breathing.
C. Proper, frequent use of incentive spirometry can improve pulmonary circulation.
D. Oxygen saturation is expected to decrease during the first few minutes of incentive spirometry.
B. Incentive spirometry provides visual reinforcement for deep breathing.
The nurse is teaching a postoperative client how to use an incentive spirometer. What type of complication may be avoided with the proper use of this device?
A. Pneumonia.
B. Pulmonary embolism.
C. Pressure injuries.
D. Skin infection.
A. Pneumonia.
The nurse observes the client’s correct use of the incentive spirometer when what occurs?
A. The client does not rest between inhalations into the incentive spirometry tube.
B. The client blows forcefully several times into the incentive spirometry tube.
C. The client takes slow, deep inhalations into the incentive spirometry tube 5 to 10 times per hour.
D. The client takes quick, short breaths in and out of the incentive spirometry tube.
C. The client takes slow, deep inhalations into the incentive spirometry tube 5 to 10 times per hour.
The nurse is correct when placing the postoperative client in which position for the client to perform incentive spirometry exercises?
A. Fowler’s
B. prone
C. Trendelenburg
D. side-lying
A. Fowler’s
A nurse is caring for a client who has spontaneous respirations and needs to have oxygen administered at a FiO2 of 100%. Which oxygen delivery system should the nurse use?
A. Nonrebreather mask
B. Simple mask
C. Venturi mask
D. Nasal cannula
A. Nonrebreather mask
The nurse is inserting a nasal cannula into the client’s nostrils to improve oxygenation. To correctly insert the curved prongs of the cannula, what would the nurse do?
A. Insert only one prong and adjust airflow into one nostril at a time.
B. Follow the angle of the nose with the prongs pointed upward.
C. Follow the angle of the nose with the prongs outside the nostrils.
D. Follow the angle of the nose with the prongs pointed downward.
D. Follow the angle of the nose with the prongs pointed downward.
The nurse is caring for a client who is receiving continuous oxygen at 3 L/minute via nasal cannula. The client’s oxygen saturation has consistently been 94% to 96%, but suddenly drops to 86% as the nurse palpates the client’s abdomen. The client denies respiratory difficulty or other distress. Which is a likely reason for the client’s decreasing oxygen saturation?
A. The nurse has inadvertently stepped on the client’s oxygen tubing, occluding the flow of oxygen.
B. The client’s appendix has ruptured.
C. The client has developed a pulmonary embolism and has a ventilation-perfusion mismatch.
D. The client is holding his or her breath.
A. The nurse has inadvertently stepped on the client’s oxygen tubing, occluding the flow of oxygen.
A nurse is caring for a client receiving oxygen at 2 liters per minute via nasal cannula. During the morning assessment, the nurse notes reddened areas at the top of the ears and neck. What actions should the nurse take? Select all that apply.
A. Initiate a nonrebreather mask to prevent further skin breakdown.
B. Request a consult by a skin care team to determine further actions.
C. Apply padding to the tubing that goes over the ears and loosen neck tubing.
D. Cushion the entire length of the nasal cannula tubing to prevent skin breakdown.
E. Loosen the nasal cannula tubing to ensure the tubing is not too tight.
B. Request a consult by a skin care team to determine further actions.
C. Apply padding to the tubing that goes over the ears and loosen neck tubing
E. Loosen the nasal cannula tubing to ensure the tubing is not too tight.
A health care provider prescribes oxygen for a client at 4 liters per minute via a nasal cannula after an initial pulse oximeter reading of 88% on room air. Which is the priority client assessment that the nurse should make prior to administering the oxygen?
A. apical heart rate and rhythm
B. blood pressure and pulse
C. respiratory rate and effort
D. skin alterations and edema
C. respiratory rate and effort
The nurse is setting up the equipment needed to deliver oxygen to a postsurgical client via a nasal cannula. After connecting the nasal cannula to the oxygen source and flow meter, what is the next action the nurse should perform?
A. Assess the client’s respiratory rate and effort.
B. Insert the nasal cannula into the client’s nostrils.
C. Adjust the flow rate to the prescribed amount.
D. Instruct client to breathe through the nose with the mouth closed.
C. Adjust the flow rate to the prescribed amount.
The nurse is caring for five clients on a busy medical floor. Which tasks can the nurse delegate to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP)? Select all that apply.
A. Administering initial oxygenation to a client with a pulse oximeter reading of 88%.
B. Ambulating in the hall a client who always uses portable oxygen via nasal cannula.
C. Applying a face mask to a client with a pulse oximeter reading of 90% on nasal cannula.
D. Bathing and shaving of a client on continuous oxygen at 2 liters per minute via nasal cannula.
E. Reapplying the nasal cannula after the client dislodges it during repositioning.
B. Ambulating in the hall a client who always uses portable oxygen via nasal cannula.
D. Bathing and shaving of a client on continuous oxygen at 2 liters per minute via nasal cannula.
E. Reapplying the nasal cannula after the client dislodges it during repositioning.
The health care provider prescribes oxygen to be administered to a client via a mask with an oxygen flow rate of 10 liters per minute. To accommodate meals, what would the nurse do?
A. Loosen the face mask so that the client can bring food to the mouth under the mask.
B. Deliver oxygen via nasal cannula during meals, replacing the mask after the client eats.
C. Remove the mask during meals and then replace as soon as client is finished eating.
D. Change the client to a liquid diet through a straw while receiving oxygen via a mask.
B. Deliver oxygen via nasal cannula during meals, replacing the mask after the client eats.
As prescribed by the health care provider, the nurse has set up an oxygen mask with a reservoir to deliver oxygen to a client with pneumonia. What would the nurse do, prior to putting the mask on the client?
A. Roll up the oxygen bag to remove air trapped inside.
B. Place powder around the edges of the mask.
C. Allow the reservoir bag to fill up with oxygen.
D. Adjust the elastic straps on the mask.
C. Allow the reservoir bag to fill up with oxygen.
A nurse is educating a client on the use of continuous oxygen. The nurse asks the client, “What is the advantage of using an oxygen mask versus a nasal cannula?” The nurse confirms that the education has been effective if the client states:
A. “There is less damage done to my nasal passages.”
B. “The air is humidified with a mask prior to being delivered.”
C. “There is less chance of my skin breaking down with the mask.”
D. “I will have a greater concentration of oxygen delivered.”
D. “I will have a greater concentration of oxygen delivered.”
The nurse is applying an oxygen mask prescribed for a client with bronchial pneumonia. What would the nurse do to prevent skin breakdown in the area where the mask is placed?
A. Sprinkle powder around the edges of the mask prior to placing it.
B. Place cotton balls under the edges of the entire face mask.
C. Adjust all the elastic straps to fit the mask loosely on the face.
D. Place gauze pads under the elastic strap at pressure points.
D. Place gauze pads under the elastic strap at pressure points.
The nurse is caring for a client receiving oxygen at a rate of 8 liters per minute via face mask. While monitoring the client for skin irritation, what is the best action by the nurse?
A. Remove the mask and dry the skin every 2 to 3 hours.
B. Lift up the mask and dry the skin every 4 to 5 hours.
C. Change the mask oxygen delivery system to a nasal cannula.
D. Continue to monitor for skin irritation as there is no breakdown.
A. Remove the mask and dry the skin every 2 to 3 hours.
A nurse must deliver oxygen at a concentration of 85% to an infant. Which delivery device would be most appropriate for an infant?
A. Nasal cannula
B. Venturi mask
C. Oxygen hood
D. Simple mask
C. Oxygen hood
A nurse is caring for multiple clients on a busy medical unit. Which client would require the nurse to use surgical asepsis and don personal protective equipment (PPE) during care?
A. a client with pneumonia who is receiving oxygen via a face mask
B. a client with bronchitis who needs nasopharyngeal suctioning
C. a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who is receiving oxygen via a nasal cannula
D. a client with lung cancer who needs a continuous pulse oximeter
B. a client with bronchitis who needs nasopharyngeal suctioning
A nurse is caring for a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that requires frequent nasopharyngeal suctioning. After putting on the face shield and sterile gloves, but before picking up the catheter, the nurse’s dominant hand touches the bedside table. What should the nurse do?
A. Restart the procedure from the first step to prevent contamination.
B. Ask a different nurse to bring a new pair of sterile gloves and catheter to the bedside.
C. Stop and change into a new pair of sterile gloves before picking up the catheter.
D. Continue the nasopharyngeal suctioning procedure, because the catheter is still sterile.
C. Stop and change into a new pair of sterile gloves before picking up the catheter.
A nurse is suctioning a client’s airway with a nasopharyngeal catheter. During the suctioning, the client is gagging and seems likely to vomit. What should the nurse do? Select all that apply.
A. Move finger from suction and wait until emesis has passed, then continue.
B. Continue suctioning to prevent the emesis from entering the airway.
C. Push the catheter forward about 5 cm and continue to suction the client.
D. Remove the catheter to avoid entering the esophagus inadvertently.
E. Turn the client to the side and elevate the head of bed to prevent aspiration
A. Move finger from suction and wait until emesis has passed, then continue.
B. Continue suctioning to prevent the emesis from entering the airway.
D. Remove the catheter to avoid entering the esophagus inadvertently.
E. Turn the client to the side and elevate the head of bed to prevent aspiration
The nurse is suctioning the nasopharyngeal airway of a client and notices that the secretions coming out are tinged with blood. What would the nurse do?
A. Remove suction, check placement of catheter, and resume suctioning after 30 seconds.
B. No interventions are necessary as this is a normal finding upon suctioning.
C. Stop suctioning, replace oxygen, check vital signs, and notify health care provider.
D. Notify the health care provider immediately because this is a life-threatening situation.
C. Stop suctioning, replace oxygen, check vital signs, and notify health care provider.
The nurse has finished suctioning the airways of a client with cystic fibrosis. What personal protective equipment (PPE) would the nurse remove first?
A. gown
B. mask
C. gloves
D. face shield
C. gloves
The nurse has finished suctioning the airways of a client with bronchial pneumonia. What would the nurse do first when disposing of the catheter and supplies?
A. Place supplies in the appropriate trash receptacle.
B. Place the catheter in a small, red biohazard bag.
C. Wrap the catheter around a gloved hand and remove gloves.
D. Remove all personal protective equipment (PPE).
C. Wrap the catheter around a gloved hand and remove gloves.
The nurse is preparing to suction the nasopharyngeal airway of a client admitted with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. What would the nurse do?
A. Cover suction opening while inserting the catheter.
B. Cover the suction opening prior to inserting the catheter.
C. Suction intermittently only while in the pharyngeal area.
D. Apply suction when withdrawing the catheter.
D. Apply suction when withdrawing the catheter.
A nurse is suctioning a client with a congested airway. The nurse has just removed the catheter from the client’s naris and knows that the client will need additional suctioning. What would the nurse do next?
A. Insert the catheter into the sterile saline solution to flush it.
B. Flush the entire catheter with water from a sterile bottle.
C. Place the catheter in a biohazard bag and open another catheter kit.
D. Lubricate the catheter 2 to 3 inches (5 to 7.5 cm) before reinserting it.
A. Insert the catheter into the sterile saline solution to flush it.
A nurse is caring for a client with end-stage lung cancer and who requires nasopharyngeal suctioning. As the nurse is preparing to insert the catheter into the naris, the tip touches the client’s cheek. What should the nurse do?
A. Adjust the catheter and use the other naris to suction.
B. Stop the suctioning procedure and get a new catheter.
C. Ask a different nurse to come in and suction the client.
D. Continue the current nasopharyngeal suctioning procedure.
B. Stop the suctioning procedure and get a new catheter.
A nurse is caring for five clients on a busy surgical unit. Which tasks can the nurse delegate to the unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP)? Select all that apply.
A. Provide nasopharyngeal suctioning for a client who was admitted with lung cancer.
B. Perform oropharyngeal suctioning for a client who was admitted with a stroke.
C. Complete oral hygiene for a client admitted with recurrent falls and dementia.
D. Feeding lunch to a client admitted with new bilateral upper extremity fractures.
E. Obtain the initial vital signs for a client who is being admitted with acute appendicitis.
B. Perform oropharyngeal suctioning for a client who was admitted with a stroke.
C. Complete oral hygiene for a client admitted with recurrent falls and dementia.
D. Feeding lunch to a client admitted with new bilateral upper extremity fractures.
A nurse is preparing to insert an oropharyngeal airway into a client with a decreased level of consciousness and increased oral secretions. What equipment will the nurse need to bring to the bedside? Select all that apply.
A. sterile water
B. oropharyngeal airway
C. suction equipment
D. face shield
E. sterile gloves
B. oropharyngeal airway
C. suction equipment
D. face shield
The health care provider has prescribed an oropharyngeal airway for a client with a decreased level of consciousness. The health care provider has noted gurgling respirations and the client’s tongue is in the posterior pharynx. The client vomits as the airway is inserted. Which actions should the nurse take? Select all that apply.
A. Provide oral suctioning and mouth care.
B. Raise the head of the bed to 90 degrees.
C. Remove oropharyngeal airway.
D. Position client onto the side immediately.
E. Assess for bleeding in the mouth.
A. Provide oral suctioning and mouth care.
C. Remove oropharyngeal airway.
D. Position client onto the side immediately.
The nurse is preparing to insert an oropharyngeal airway into an unconscious client. What would the nurse do first?
A. Assess the client’s ability to protect the airway.
B. Auscultate the client’s bilateral lung sounds.
C. Monitor the amount and consistency of oral secretions.
D. Check for any loose teeth or recent oral surgery.
A. Assess the client’s ability to protect the airway.
A nurse is preparing to insert a nasopharyngeal airway in a client. Before doing so, however, the nurse assesses the client and reviews the client’s health record. Which findings would contraindicate insertion of the airway? Select all that apply.
A. Clenched teeth
B. Enlarged tongue
C. Frequent nasopharyngeal suctioning required
D. Traumatic brain injury
E. Deviated septum
F. Recent nasal surgery
D. Traumatic brain injury
E. Deviated septum
F. Recent nasal surgery
When giving your patient supplemental oxygen what is the target range for saturation levels?
94% to 98%
When giving supplemental oxygen to a patient who has COPD what do you want their oxygen saturations at?
88% to 92%
You always use humidification when patients have a ______ or ______ ______.
Tracheostomy or artificial airway.
NEVER use a simple face mask with less than 5 L/min due to
Carbon dioxide retention
Purpose of Bronchodilators
To open narrowed airways
Purpose of corticosteroids
To reduce inflammation in the airways
Purpose of mucolytic agents
To liquefy or loosen secretions
Which of the following complications is indicated by a third heart sound?
A. Ventricular dilation
B. Systemic hypertension
C. Aortic valve malfunction
D. Increased atrial contraction
A. Ventricular dilation
Which of the following actions is the first priority of care for a patient exhibiting signs and symptoms of CAD?
A. Decrease anxiety
B. Enhance myocardial oxygenation
C. Administer sublingual nitroglycerin
D. Educate the patient about his symptoms
B. Enhance myocardial oxygenation
Where does gas exchange happen?
The alveoli
When _______ production is reduced, the lungs become stiff, and the alveoli ______.
Surfactant; collapse
______ is the amount of gas going into the alveoli ready for gas exchange.
Ventilation
______ is the amount of blood flow to the alveoli prepared for gas exchange.
Perfusion
Inspiration is the _____ phase and expiration is the _____ phase.
Active; passive
_____ is the movement of gas or particles from areas of higher pressure or concentration to areas of lower pressure or concentration.
Diffusion
What is atelectasis?
It’s the incomplete lung expansion or the collapse of alveoli.
_______ _______ (breathing) refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
Pulmonary ventilation
Respiration involves gas exchange between the atmospheric air in the _____ and _____ in the capillaries.
Alveoli; blood
______ is the process by which oxygenated capillary blood passes through body tissue.
Perfusion
Oxygen and carbon dioxide must move through the ______ as part of the ______ process.
Alveoli; oxygenation
What is the lower airway also known as?
Tracheobronchial tree
What is the lower airways main function?
Condition of air, mucociliary clearance, and production of pulmonary surfactant.
The right lung has ___ lobes and the left has ____ lobes.
3 lobes; 2 lobes
_____ reduces the surface tension between the moist membranes of the alveoli, preventing their collapse.
Surfactant
The _____ pleura covers the lungs, and the _____ pleura lines the thoracic cavity.
Visceral; parietal
What is cilia?
Microscopic hair-like projections.
_____ propels trapped materials and accompanying mucus toward the upper airway so they can be removed by coughing.
Cilia
Pressure within the pleural space (intrapleural pressure) is always ____.
Subatmospheric (a negative pressure)
______ is about getting fresh air into your lungs, and _____ is about making sure that the oxygen from your blood gets to all the parts of your body.
Ventilation; perfusion
Cardiac biomarkers will let us know about _____ damage within the heart muscles.
Tissue
______ measures the volume of air in liters, exhaled or inhaled by a patient over time. It evaluates the lung function in airway obstruction through respiratory mechanics.
Spirometry
_____ _____ flow rate refers to the point of the highest flow during forced expiration.
Peak expiratory
How could you promote comfort for a patient in respiratory distress?
- Make sure the patient is in a proper position such as high fowlers.
- Maintain adequate fluid intake (1.5-2 L daily).
- Provide humidified air.
The nurse is preparing to provide hygiene care to a client with hypoxia. Into what position will the nurse place the client?
A. Supine
B. Prone
C. High Fowler’s
D. Trendelenburg
C. High fowler’s
The nurse is caring for a client with emphysema. When teaching the client pursed-lip breathing, the nurse will include which instructions? Select all that apply.
A. Inhale slowly through the nose for a count of three.
B. Keep abdominal muscles in a relaxed state.
C. Shape the lips as if you were about to blow a whistle.
D. Over time, begin to increase the length of the exhale.
E. Exhale slowly through pursed lips.
F. Ensure that the exhale lasts twice as long as the inhale.
A. Inhale slowly through the nose for a count of three.
C. Shape the lips as if you were about to blow a whistle.
D. Over time, begin to increase the length of the exhale.
E. Exhale slowly through pursed lips.
F. Ensure that the exhale lasts twice as long as the inhale.
Incentive spirometers are used to teach the patient…..
how to take in a slow, deep inspiration.
A normal CO2 during an asthma attack may be a signal for….
Impending respiratory failure.
What is a peak flow meter?
This measures the highest airflow during a forced expiration.
The atriums of the heart create ____ pressure and the ventricles produce the ___ pressure.
Low; high
Arteries carry blood ____ from the heart and veins carry the blood ____ the heart.
Away; toward
_____ _____ is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in liters per minute.
Cardiac output
How do you calculate cardiac output?
HR x Stroke volume
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood ejected in one contraction.
____ is the amount the ventricles stretch at the end of diastole. (End diastolic volume)
Preload
Explain contractility.
It’s the ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to an electrical impulse.
What heavily effects contraction?
Calcium.
____ is the pressure the ventricles must work against to open the semilunar valves to pump blood out of the heart.
Afterload
Mr. Jones is a 78 year old male who was admitted with severe dehydration. The doctor orders a 1L bolus stat. The nurse knows that the fluid will help [1] cardiac output by [2].
A. Increase ; decreasing afterload
B. Increase; increasing preload
C. Decrease; increasing contractility
D. Decrease; decreasing preload
B. Increase; increasing preload
Ms. Smith’s primary care physician is concerned that she may be experiencing decreased cardiac output. The nurse knows that stroke volume plays an important part in cardiac output. What factors influence stroke volume? (select all that apply)
A. Heart rate
B. Preload
C. Contractility
D. Afterload
E. Blood pressure
B. Preload
C. Contractility
D. Afterload
The sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) will _____ BP and HR.
Increase
Parasympathetic nervous system will make your HR ______.
Decrease
Cardiac output = ?
Blood pressure
MAP needs to be ____ than ____ to perfuse kidneys and other organs.
Greater than 60.
Factors that affect blood pressure include…..
- Circulating volume
- Diameter of arterioles
- Strength of contraction
- Heart rate
Preload can increase when you have _____ valves and ____.
Regurgitative; hypervolemia
Afterload increases when you have ____ and ____.
HTN; vasoconstriction
Afterload = ?
Pressure
