Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 1 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Define neuronal pool

A

Single presynaptic fiber branches and synapses with several neurons in a pool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the types of neuronal pools?

A

Diverging
Converging
Reverberation
Parallel after-discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which type of neuronal pool has one input and outputs?

A

diverging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what type of neuronal pool is many inputs and outputs?

A

converging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what type of neuronal pool are many signals traveling through a chain of neurons each feeding back previous neurons?

A

reverberating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what type of neuronal pools are signal stimulates neurons in parallel arrays that eventually converge on a single output cell?

A

parallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used in autonomic neurons?

A

Autonomic pathways release both acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE) as neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used in somatic neurons?

A

somatic pathway’s motor neurons just use ACh.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is released at neuromuscular junctions by some ANS neurons & cNS neurons?

A

acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the Neurotransmitter regulating mood and sleep?

A

seretonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is found in substantial nigra
and often associated with Parkinson’s disease?

A

dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the steps of the action potential?

A
  1. Resting state: no ions move through voltage-gated channels
  2. Depolarization: is caused by Na+ flowing into the cell
  3. Repolarization: is caused by K+ flowing out of the cell
  4. Hyperpolarization: is caused by K+ continuing to leave cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Is a Watery solution formed from blood plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does the choroid plexus produce?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

CSF flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures

CSF flows through the subarachnoid space

CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the cerebrospinal functions?

A

Give buoyancy to CNS structure

Protects CNS from blows and other trauma

Nourishes brain and carries the chemical signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are bundles of neuron processes in CNS?

A

tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are bundles of neuron processes in PNS?

A

nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What lies along nerves in PNS and are Cell bodies together?

A

Ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory input: information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes

Integration: processing and interpretation of sensory input

Motor output: Activation of effector organs( muscles and glands) produces a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons?

A

Neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the neuroglia types?

A

Astrocytes(CNS)

Microglial cells (CNS)

Ependymal cells (CNS)

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

Satellite cells(PNS)

Schwann(PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the most abundant neuroglia cells that :
Guide the migration of young neurons (cling to neurons, synaptic endings, and capillaries)

Support and brace neurons

Controls chemical environment around neurons

A

Astrocytes(CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the neuroglia cell type that migrates toward injured neurons?

A

Microglial cells (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what neuroglia cell type forms a permeable barrier between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in cavities and tissue fluid bathing CNS cells?

A

Ependymal cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what neuroglia cell type forms insulating myelin sheaths thicker nerve fibers(helps transmit the electricity)?

A

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what neuroglia cell type forms insulating myelin sheaths thicker nerve fibers(helps transmit the electricity)?

A

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What type of neuroglia cells is surrounding neuron cell bodies in PNS and are Functional similar to astrocytes of CNS?

A

Satellite cells(PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What type of neuroglia cells have similar functions as oligodendrocytes and Individual cells?

A

Schwann(PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What Lie between motor & sensory neurons, shuttle signals through CNS pathways
and are mostly found in CNS?

A

interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a Whitis protein-lipoid substance?

A

myelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the function of myelin?

A

Protects and electrically insulates the axon
Increases speed of nerve impulse transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How does myelin impact the conduction rate?

A

Unmyelinated fibers conduct impulses more slowly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what conduct impulses from the CNS to effectors?

A

motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle?

A

somatic sensory fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What Nervous system regulates smooth muscle cardiac and glands?

A

Autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What conveys impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to CNS?

A

somatic sensory fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What conveys impulses from visceral organs to CNS?

A

Visceral sensory fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does the Central nervous system consist of?

A

brain & spinal cord
Integrative and control centers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What does the Peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Communication between the CNS and the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What does the sensory afferent division consist of?

A

Somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers

Conduct impulses from receptors to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What does the motor(efferent) division contain?

A

Motor nerve fibers

Conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

43
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

Visceral motor(involuntary)

Conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands

44
Q

What does the sympathetic division do?

A

Mobilizes body systems during activity

45
Q

What does the parasympathetic division do?

A

Conserves energy

Promotes housekeeping functions during rest

46
Q

What responds to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue?

A

Proprioceptors

47
Q

What are thermoreceptors?

A

Sensitive to changes in temperature

48
Q

what allows for relaying information derived from blood pressure within the autonomic nervous system?

A

Baroreceptors

49
Q

what responds to chemicals (e.g., smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry?

A

Chemoreceptors

50
Q

what are the reflex arc processes?

A

1.Receptor: site of stimulus action

  1. Sensory neuron: transmits afferent impulses to CNS

3:Integration center: either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within CNS

4.Motor neuron: conduct efferent impulses from integration center to effector organ

5.Effector: muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to efferent impulses by contracting or secreting

51
Q

What does the ventral root contain?

A

Axons for motor neurons
- cell bodies of motor neurons are in the gray matter of the spinal cord - anterior horn
- merge w/dorsal root to form a spinal nerve

52
Q

what does the dorsal root contain?

A

Axons for sensory neurons
- merges with w/ventral root to form the spinal nerve

53
Q

what does the cauda equina contain?

A

“Horses Tail”
- spinal nerves exiting off the end of the spinal cord

54
Q

what does the filum terminal do?

A

anchors conus medullaris to the coccyx

55
Q

What are acquired reflexes?

A

Learned reflexes result from practice or repetition

56
Q

what activates visceral effectors (smooth or cardiac muscle or glands)?

A

Autonomic reflexes

57
Q

What is an innate reflex?

A

Genetically determined

58
Q

What control actions of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands?

A

Visceral reflex

59
Q

What does the somatic activate?

A

Activate skeletal muscles

60
Q

what is Transection between T1 and L1?

A

paraplegia

61
Q

Which layer is the strongest meninx, Two layers of fibrous connective tissue (around the brain) separate to form dural venous sinuses.

A

dura mater

62
Q

What is the Middle layer with web-like extensions Separated from dura mater by subdural space?

A

Arachnoid mater

63
Q

What is the innermost layer, and delicate vascularized connective tissue that clings tightly to the brain?

A

Pia mater

64
Q

What is the area of skin innervated by cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve?

A

Dermatome

65
Q

What are the nerves serving the upper and lower limbs?

A

Cervical enlargement

66
Q

What Innervates hamstrings muscles adductor magnus?

A

Sciatic nerve

67
Q

What does the stretch reflex maintain?

A

Maintains muscle tone in large postural muscles and adjusts it reflexively

68
Q

What does the spinothalamic tract do?

A

Transmit pain temperature coarse touch and pressure impulses within the lateral spinothalamic tract

69
Q

What conveys information about muscle or tendon stretch to the cerebellum?
(Ventral and dorsal tracts)

A

Spinocerebellar tract

70
Q

What tract maintains balance?

A

Vestibulospinal tract

71
Q

what tract controls flexor muscles?

A

Rubrospinal tract

72
Q

what is the cerebellum function?

A

Allows smooth, coordinated movements
Role in thinking language and emotion

73
Q

Where is the thalamus located?

A

superior to the hypothalamus.

74
Q

what is the thalamus function?

A

Motor Control

Receives Auditory, Somatosensory and Visual Sensory Signals

Relays Sensory Signals to the Cerebral Cortex

75
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

Controls autonomic functions

Relays nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord

76
Q

Where is the Medulla oblongata located?

A

The medulla oblongata is the lower portion of the brainstem.

It is inferior to the pons and anterior to the cerebellum.

77
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain

78
Q

Where is the corpus callosum located?

A

the corpus callosum is a thick band of fibers located between the cerebral hemispheres

79
Q

What is the Diencephalon location?

A

A region of the forebrain located below the thalamus, forming the basal portion of the diencephalon

80
Q

What is the function of the Diencephalon?

A

regulate body temperature, some metabolic processes, and govern the autonomic nervous system.

81
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulates body temperature
Regulates hunger and satiety in response to nutrient blood levels or hormones
Regulates water balance and thirst
Regulates sleep-wake cycles
Controls endocrine system

82
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

below the thalamus and posterior to the optic chiasma.

83
Q

what is the pons function?

A

Arousal
Assists in Controlling Autonomic Functions
Relays Sensory Information between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum
Sleep

84
Q

Where is the pons located?

A

is the portion of the brainstem that is superior to the medulla oblongata.

85
Q

What are functions of the midbrain?

A

Controls responses to the sight
Eye movement
Pupils dilation
Body movement
Hearing

86
Q

Where is the midbrain located?

A

between the forebrain and brainstem

87
Q

What are the upside-down characters that represent contralateral motor innervation of body regions?

A

Motor homunculi

88
Q

What are the upside-down characters represent contralateral sensory input from the body?

A

sensory homunculi

89
Q

What lobe is the visual processing center?

A

occipital lobe

90
Q

Where is the occipital lobe located?

A

dorsal to the brain

91
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Controls personality and communication (important cognitive skills)

92
Q

where is the frontal lobe located?

A

anterior to the parietal lobe, superior & anterior to the temporal lobe

93
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

primary auditory perception

94
Q

where is the temporal lobe located?

A

lateral to the brain

95
Q

What are Paired anterior nuclei &Olfactory relay stations?

A

Mammillary bodies

96
Q

What is the Stalk that connects to pituitary gland ?

A

infundibulum

97
Q

what is the function of Extends from the posterior border and secretes melatonin?

A

pineal gland

98
Q

where is the pineal gland?

A

Base of brain below hypothalamus

99
Q

what is these functions match with:
Controls learned repetitious or patterned motor skills
Coordinates simulation or sequential actions
Controls voluntary actions that depend on sensory feedback

A

premotor cortex

100
Q

What allows conscious control of precise skilled skeletal muscle movements?

A

Primary Motor Cortex

101
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus is located:

A

hypothalamus

102
Q

What regulates sleep-wake cycles?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

103
Q

What regulates sleep-wake cycles?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A&P 1 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions