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Pt S exam 4 > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

disc herniation

A

displacement of disc material beyond the normal limits of the IV space.

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2
Q

ankylosing spondylosis

A

-rheumatic disease- inflammation of the ligaments in the lumbar and spinal areas.
-sacroiliac joints affected
-pt will complain of bilateral pain in SI joint, or shoulders, stiffness and difficulty standing up straight.

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3
Q

compression fracture (secondary to osteoporosis)

A

-often occur in the thoracolumbar region as the result of a fall or trauma or from performing basic activities of daily living that require forward bending of trunk.
-pain in mid spine but also referred to low back or abdominal region.
-pts present with increased thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis secondary to instability, bony changes (wedging) and muscle weakness.

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4
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

anterior slippage of one vertebra on the one directly below it. graded according the movement of the vertebra. 1-25% slippage, 2-26-50%, 3-51-75%, 4 more than 75%.

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5
Q

disc protrusion

A

the displaced disc material is contained within the disc, and the diameter at the base of the herniation is wider than that which extends into the canal.

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6
Q

scheuerman’ns disease

A

-degenerative weakening of the vertebral endplates, seen at T10-L2.
- causes crack and breakdown in the WB ability of vertebra.
-may also be caused by insufficient blood supply to growing bone. “growing pains”

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7
Q

cervical radiculopathy

A

when a nerve in the neck is compressed or irritated where it branches away from the spinal cord. nerve roots.
neck pain and neurological symptoms can extend into arms.

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8
Q

TMJ dysfunction

A

the 3 main signs of impairment: pain in the TMJ is affected by movement, joint noise during movement, restrictions or limitations with jaw movements.
- they are usually a result of trauma, poor posture, or faulty movement patterns, poor hygiene, gum chewing, bruxism (grinding the teeth).

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9
Q

To assess the integrity of the alar ligaments and thus upper cervical stability

A

alar ligament special test

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10
Q

to assess the contribution of cervical radiculopathy to the patients symptoms.

A

cervical distraction special test

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11
Q

to assess the contributions of vertebral artery occlusion to the patient’s symptoms

A

vertebral artery special test

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12
Q

To assess the contribution of proximal lower extremity muscle weakness to the patient’s symptoms.

A

gower’s sign test

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13
Q

to assess whether a herniated disc, neural tension, or altered neurodynamics are contributing to the patient’s symptoms.

A

slump special test (slouched)

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14
Q

to identify individuals with scoliosis

A

adam’s forward bend special test

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15
Q

to test for the presence of a disc herniation

A

SLR test

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16
Q

exercises to help improve spinal conditions

A

-kinesthetic training: awareness and control of safe spinal motion: head nodding and pelvic tilts, functional training.
-stabilization training: deep segmental muscle activation and sustained contraction coordinated with breathing, muscle control of spinal posture, muscle activation with maintenance of stable spine in neutral spinal position.
-functional training (basic body mechanics with stable spine). log roll supine to prone, (viseversa) transition from different positions, walking.

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17
Q

focus questions

A

!

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18
Q

restrictions and contraindications for patients in maximum protection phase post spine surgery or injury and why

A

max pp: pt education, no heavy lifting more than 10 lbs for 3 months, wound management, bed mobility, bracing, waling and gentle ROM including heel slides. short arc quads, quads and glute isometrics, ankle pumps.
contraindication: pt should avoid shower until incision is completely closed.

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19
Q

categorize exercises: is the goal stability or mobility

A

Mobility refers to the joint’s ability to move through a given range of motion. (stretch)
Stability refers to the ability to restrict movement. (strenght)

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20
Q

categorize exercises: is the goal spinal flexion or extension

A

bending forward- flexion
extending back- extension

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21
Q

S/S of TMJ dysfuntion, disc pathologies, cervical radioculpathy, akylosin spondylosis, spondyloiosthesis

A

! book

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22
Q

types of postural control

A

-verbal reinforcement : interpret vocalize senations
-tactile reinforcement: touch the muscles that need to contract
-visual reinforcement: use mirror so pt can see to assume correct alignment.

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23
Q

how impaired posture contributes to back pain

A

unsupported postures cause impaired load in your back making strains making it vulnerable to injury because of weak muscles.
-muscles that are habitually kept in stretched positions tend to test weaker because of a shift in the length tension curve.
-muscles kept in habitually shortened position tend to lose their elasticity.

24
Q

common faulty postures, characteristics and impairments

A

-lordotic posture: increase in the lumbosacral angle, anterior tilt, lumbar lordosis. weak and stretched abdominal muscles
-relaxed or slouched posture: kyphosis, excessive hip extension by shifting of pelvis. also round back. weak and stretch abdominal muscles
-flat low back posture: flat back, decreased lumbosacral angle. weak lumbar extensors
-flat upper back and neck posture: decreased in thoracic curve, depressed scapula. impairment of anterior neck muscles, restricted scapular movements.

25
Q

Common sites and causes of cervical and lumbar strains

A

LUMBAR: strain from trauma: lumbar region in iliac crest. occurs with falls and repetitive loading of the region when lifting or twisting.
postural strain: low back, faulty standing to sitting postures.

CERVICAL: trauma: fall or vehicle accident. Neck and head, can end on SCI or fractures.
postural: posterior cervical, scapular and upper thoracic muscles, prolonged sitting in computer.
emotional stress: increased tension in the posterior cervical or lumbar region.

26
Q

common activity and participation restrictions

A

acute: (if tissue injury) bed mobility, sitting, standing and walking, family activities.
subacute and chronic healing: prolonged upright postures and activities.

27
Q

How to progress spine stabilization exercises

A

! sheets

28
Q

exercises/activities to improve TMJ motion

A

! book

29
Q

stretching exercises for spinal muscles

A

! book

30
Q

stabilization training follows basic principles of learning motor control:

A
  1. pt develops awareness of muscle contraction
  2. pt develops control of spine when performing simple exercises
  3. pt demonstrates control of spine when progressing to complex exercises
  4. pt demonstrates automatic maintenance of spinal stability and control in a progression of simple functional activities to complex and unplanned situations.
31
Q

exercises from chapter 16

A

!

32
Q

which musculoskeletal impairments have an impact on balance

A

visual, somatosensory, vestibular, sensory systems

specific musculoskeletal conditions: ankle sprains, ACL, low back pain

33
Q

progression parameters for balance exercises

A

balance training:
-steady static balance
-steady dynamic balance
-anticipatory balance
-reactive balance
-sensory organization
-balance during functional activities
-safety during gait locomotion or balance.

34
Q

examples of dynamic vs static balance execises

A

! sheets

35
Q

effects of decreased activity

A

!

36
Q

motor strategies for balance
-definitions and distinguish between them

A

!

37
Q

balance exercises and progressions

A

!

38
Q

benefits of physcial activity for older adults

A

!

39
Q

components of a multidimensional exercise program

A

!
strength, speed, agility, flexibility, and coordination

40
Q

differences between the various postural control strategies and examples for each

A

!

41
Q

muscle activations for various motor strategies and examples when a person would be using each one

A
42
Q

sensory impairments that affect balance

A

Sensory impairment is the common term used to describe Deafness, blindness, visual impairment, hearing impairment and Deafblindness.

43
Q

examples of dynamic balance activities

A

! sheets

44
Q

activities that require greater balance control vs less balance control

A

!

45
Q

common impairments related to disc protrusions in the lumbar spine

A

pain, muscle-guarding, flexed posture and deviation away from symptomatic side, limited ROM (nerve mobility) etc.

46
Q

common impairments and activity limitations related to facet joint pathology

A

-pain: when acute: there is pain and muscle guarding with all motions; pain when subacute and chronic is related to periods of immobility or excessive activity.
-impaired mobility: usually hypo-mobility and decreased joint play in affected joint.
-impaired posture
impaired spinal extension

47
Q

what is OTAGO

A

a home exercise program for reducing risk of falls, incorporating straightening, walking and functional activities.
-older adults

48
Q

what is the stabilizer (blood pressure cuff) used for in the cervical and lumbar spine?

A

is used to monitor the amount of cervical/ lumbar flattening and measure the muscular endurance for holding the contraction.

49
Q

activities to test the anticipatory, reactive, and sensory organization aspects of balance.

A

Steady state static balance tests, dynamic balance tests, anticipatory postural control tests, reactive postural control tests, etc.

50
Q

exercises for someone who experienced the following:

A

ankle sprain: leg balance progressions and resisted kicks of the uninvolved leg again TB, BESS test, SEBT.
ACL injury: single leg hopping to different directions and landing on two feet, alternating legs, etc.
low back pain: contraction of trunk muscles.

51
Q

Differentiate and describe at least 3 balance movements that rely primarily on feedforward or open-loop control.

A
52
Q

ankle strategy:

A

Rotations of the body about the ankles like an inverted pendulum acts to restore a person’s COM to a astable position.
muscles: Anterior tibialis and quadriceps and abdominal muscles

53
Q

hip strategy:

A

Rapid flexion or extension to move the COM within the BOS
muscles: paraspinals and hamstrings

54
Q

stepping strategy:

A

Forward and back step used to enlarge the BOS and regain balance control.
muscles: leg, trunk muscles

55
Q

disc pathologies such as disc herniation, tissue fluid stasis, discogenic pain, swelling etc all occur from

A

prolongued flexion postures, repetitive flexion microtrauma or traumatic flexion injuries.

Pt S exam 4 (1 decks)

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