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a&p exam 4 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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WSET ® Level 4 D2 Business of Wine flashcards
1
Q

Renal pyramid

A

Drains urine from the nephrons through its apex

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2
Q

Renal Cortex

A

outer region; light colored
Location of most nephrons - functional units of the kidneys that filter blood and synthesize urine

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3
Q

Renal lobe

A

is formed of a renal pyramid plus its cap of cortical tissue
About 8 lobes/kidney
(ranges from 6-10 lobes)

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4
Q

Renal pelvis

A

: funnel-like expansion at the upper end of ureter
Pelvis is the point where 2-3 major calyces converge (calyx = “cup”)
Each major calyx divides into several minor calyces

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5
Q

Renal hilum

A

on medial margin where blood vessels, ureters, and nerves enter/exit

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6
Q

Myogenic mechanism
Nephron controls GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate)

A

= negative feedback
Vascular smooth muscle in afferent arterioles responds to moderate changes in systemic blood pressure due to changes in posture, exercise, etc.
Muscle contracts (vasoconstricts) when stretched
Muscle relaxes (vasodilates) when not stretched

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7
Q

Renal Autoregulation: Myogenic Mechanism

Stimulus: Increased systemic BP

A

Causes immediate increase in stretch on afferent arteriole
HPgc, NFP and GFR increase
Response: Afferent arteriole vasoconstricts (contracts) (myogenic mechanism)
HPgc, NFP and GFR decrease back to normal

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8
Q

Renal Autoregulation: Myogenic Mechanism
EXAMPLE: Decreased blood pressure

A

Stimulus: Decreased systemic BP causes HPgc to decrease to 50 mm Hg
Calculate the new NFP
What is the immediate effect on GFR? GFR decrease back to normal
What is the immediate effect on stretch in the afferent arteriole? Vasodilation (relaxes)
What is the response according to the myogenic mechanism?
How does the response affect GFR? HPgc, NFP and GFR increase back to normal

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9
Q

Nephrons 3 renal processes and overall goals

A

Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion

Functional unit of the kidney
Filter blood and form urine
Where urinary and cardiovascular systems intersect
~1 million nephrons per kidney

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10
Q

Hepatic (portal) triad

A

Bile Ductules
Proper Hepatic Artery
Hepatic Portal Vein
Lymphatic Vessels
Branch of the Vagus Nerve

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11
Q

Agentaffin cells

A

are located in the mucosa of the small intestine and secrete serotonin
into the lamina propria to stimulate intestinal peristalsis.

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12
Q

Brunner’s Glands

A

Located in the duodenum submuscosa
Secrete an alkaline mucin that coats the intestinal walls to protect them from acid chyme

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13
Q

What should NOT be found in Urine?

A
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14
Q

Kidneys are located

A

retroperitoneal; located within the abdominopelvic cavity but outside the peritoneal cavity between parietal peritoneum and dorsal body wall
Somewhat protected by lowest ribs and cushioned by perirenal fat

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15
Q

Pathway of Urine

A

Nephrons
Pyramid
Papillae
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra

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16
Q

HIGH GFR (glomerular filtration rate)

A

Too little time for reabsorption
Water and valuable solutes such as glucose, sodium are lost in the urine

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17
Q

LOW GFR Glomerular filtration rate

A

Too much time for reabsorption
Unwanted wastes are returned to blood

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18
Q

Differences in Glomerular and Systemic Capillarie

A

Glomerular
Have arterioles at each end
Can vasoconstrict or vasodilate
Give precise control of blood flow through the capillaries
Are extremely permeable fenestrated capillaries
Function is to filter water and solutes from the blood into the glomerular capsule

Systemic Arteriole at one end; venule (lacking smooth muscle) at the other end
Continuous capillaries; only slightly permeable to water and solutes
Function is to deliver O2 and nutrients from blood to tissue cells; pick up CO2 and wastes

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19
Q

Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate

A

Kidneys have INTRINSIC controls to directly regulate GFR
EXTRINSIC mechanisms from outside the kidneys INDIRECTLY control GFR by regulating systemic blood pressure
Purpose of kidneys is to maintain constant GFR despite fluctuations.

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20
Q

Podocytes contribution to glomerulus

A

“Foot cells” wrap around glomerular capillaries
Put down foot processes to form filtration slits
Contribute to filtration

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21
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Carriers reach a transport maximum and cannot reabsorb all glucose GLUCOSURIA (glucose lost in urine)

POLYURIA (water lost in urine) because it follows glucose

Dehydration and extreme thirst

Reabsorption in the PCT
Glucose and amino acids are cotransported with sodium

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22
Q

Proximal Tubule-Na+ & glucose and amino acid

A

Na+ via transport protein &nGlucose and Amino acid cotransported with Na+ reabsorption

Na+ K+ pump
Results: low Na+ inside tubule cell
Gradient for Na+ to enter from filtrate into tubule cell

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23
Q

Proximal tubule reabsorption of HCO3 and secretion of H+

A

Reabsorption of HCO3 (base) dependent on Na+ coupled with H+ (acid) secretion

**if blood too acidic then HCO3 reabsorption increases (adds base to blood)

**H+ secretion INCREASES (removes acid from blood)

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24
Q

Proximal Tubule Reabsorption of H2O, Urea and other ions

A

Water absorbed through aquaporins by osmosis, water follows Na+and other solutes

Urea=lipid soluble waste product follows water by SOLVENT DRAG
Cl- K+ and other ions are passively reabsorbed down their electromagnetic gradient

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25
Q

Nephron Loop Reabsorption

A

Descending limb reabsorbs H2O, NO ions
Ascending limb reabsorbs ions but NOT H2O (very few aquaporins present)

Sets up mechanism for nephron to conserve water and produce concentrated urine

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26
Q

Function of the teeth-molars (premolars)(up to 3 on each side)

A

Grinding

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27
Q

Function of the teeth-Incisors (2)

A

Square shaped with beveled edge; used for slicing

28
Q

Function of the teeth-Canine (1)

A

Triangular; used for piercing and puncturing

29
Q

Numbering of the teeth

A
30
Q

4 basic layer of digestive tract

A

Mucosa (either stratified squamous or simple columnar)
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa(circular and longitudinal muscle)
Serosa-OUTER(connective tissue and epithelium)

31
Q

Thin layer of smooth muscle wrinkles the mucosa to increase surface area in

A

Muscularis Mucosae

32
Q

Mucosa and its layers

A

Lamina propria- layer of loose areolar CT has capillaries to nourish epithelium needs direct access to circulatory system

Epithelium
Muscularis Musocea

33
Q

Submucosa

A

Intrinsic nerve plexuses & Submucosa Nerve plexuses-controls secretion and contraction of mucosa
Burners glands
Layer of areolar CT has major blood vessels, lymphatic nodules to defend against pathogens

34
Q

Muscularis Externa

A

Thick layer of smooth muscle
2 layers-circular layer encircles tract
Outer longitudinal layer runs parallel to tract
Carries out peristalsis and segmentation
Myenteric nerve plexus controls contractions

35
Q

Splanchnic Circulation

A

Blood supply is rerouted away from the digestive tract organs during sympathetic stimulation due to vasoconstriction of blood vessels

Digestive organs receive 1/4 or more of cardiac output during digestion 1200 ml/min
Involves starting celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
Blood vessels branch off the abdominal aorta
Slow down peristalsis and decrease salivation

36
Q

Parasympathic Division (craniosacral)

A

Promote digestion
Increase perstalsis
Increases salivation
Promote deification

37
Q

Parasympathetic Facial and Glossopharygeal Nerves (VII) & (IX)

A

Innervate the salivary glands

38
Q

Frenulum’s

A

Labial Frenula anchor the lips to the gingivae
Lingual Frenulum median fold that anchors the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity

39
Q

Uvula

A

Most posterior aspect of the palate, which helps to retain food in the mouth until you are ready to swallow

40
Q

Palatine Ragae

A

Aid the tongue in holding and manipulating food

41
Q

Gomphosis

A

Joint between tooth and bone

42
Q

4 layers of the esophagus

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
ADVENTITIA

43
Q

5 items order of deglutition Step 1

A

1 upper esophageal sphincter is contracted; tongue forces food bolus into the oropharynx

44
Q

5 items order of deglutition Step 2

A

Uvula ascents and epiglottis bends down to keep food out of the airways, upper esophageal sphincter relaxes to allow food enter the esophagus

45
Q

5 items order of deglutition Step 3

A

Pharyngeal constrictor muscles contract, forcing food into the esophagus interiorly upper esophageal sphincter closes

46
Q

5 items order of deglutition Step 4

A

Food bolus is propelled down the esophagus by peristalsis

47
Q

5 items order of deglutition Step 5

A

The gastgroesophageal (cardiac sphincter) opens; food enters the stomach and becomes chyme

48
Q

Gross Anatomy of the stomach 4 Regions

A

1 Cardia
2 Fundus
3 Corpus (body)
4 Pylorus

49
Q

Gross anatomy of the stomach-sphincters

A
50
Q

Parietal Cells

A

Secrete hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor and appetite regulating hormone-ghrelin

51
Q

G cells

A

Secrete gastric to stimulate secretion of gastric acid HCL

52
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A

Secrete hormones that regulate digestion

53
Q

Foveolar Mucous neck cells

A

Secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining (similar to goblet cells)

54
Q

Chief cells

A

Secrete the enzymes gastric lipase, leptin and pesinogen

55
Q

Stomach cell types photo

A
56
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Exit the basolateral membrane by facilitated diffusion and enter the capillary via intracellular clefts

Small enough to absorb from digestive tract into the blood unless larger than monosaccharides

Salivary amylase
Pancreatic amylase
Brush border enzymes lactase Maltese and sucrose

57
Q

Lactose intolerance

A

Lactase enzyme missing or defective

58
Q

Inactivate chyme

A

Pancreas secretes inactive proteases become activated HCO3 neautralizes chyme

59
Q

Bile breaks down

A

Dietary lipids

60
Q

Vasa Recta in Juxtamedullary Nephron

A

Efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta that run parallel to long nephron loops

Necessary to produce concentrated urine

61
Q

ADH targets what in nephron

A

ADH targets collecting ducts
Makes them more permeable to water

62
Q

Diff in PCT and DCT

A

DCT is hormone dependent by aldosterone and ADH but PCT is not

63
Q

Loop of Henli

A

Ascending limb is thicker than descending limb

64
Q

Net filtration Pressure

A

Outward pressure - inward pressure

Ie (55) - (15+30)=
55-45= 10 mmHg

65
Q

Teniae Coli

A

In Muscularis layer in large intestine
3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in the Muscularis layer
Muscle tone of teniae coli draws colon up into the haustra
Contracts slowly to mix contents and propel them to next haustrum

66
Q

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

A

Contain paneth cells that secrete lysozyme to regulate intestinal bacteria

Small pits on the intestine

a&p exam 4 (1 decks)

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