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Evolution > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Why are distinct patterns of anagenesis and cladogenesis difficult to identify in the fossil record?

A

because the fossil record is fragmentary and so not complete enough for most species to accurately reconstruct these patterns

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2
Q

Darwins hypotheses about evolution included gradual change over time and no clear correlation between anagenesis and cladogenesis. Best fits which of the following patterns of historical speciation?

A

phyletic gradualism

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3
Q

What type of speciation is most likely to give rise to pattern of punctuated equilibrium

A

peripheral speciation

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4
Q

Although several passive and active trends are apparent in the fossil record for specific groups of organisms there are not rends that can be applied generally to life on earth

A

true

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5
Q

A researcher is studying a new species of bird. She identifies nesting groups composed of several males and several females, these groups are fixed each mating season and once fixed no new males or females of the species are allowed to join the group. The baby birds are genetically diverse and parental markers from all of the adults can be found spread among the baby bird population. Which of the following best describes this species system of mating?

A

anisogamous, polynandrous species, with sexual reproduction

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6
Q

Which of the following evolutionary forces best explains why most sexually reproducing species have two sexes, males and females?

A

diversifying selection on early gametes as sexual reproduction originates

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7
Q

Although many species of plants can reproduce both asexually and sexually all animals can only reproduce via a single method

A

false

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8
Q

What is the main benefit of asexual reproduction?

A

energy efficiency; no need to attract and convince a mate and no need to have two sexes in the population

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9
Q

What is the main benefit of sexual reproduction?

A

increased genetic diversity in offspring due to recombination that occurs during meiosis

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10
Q

Red Queen Hypothesis

A

organisms that reproduce sexually are better able to coevolve with their parasites

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11
Q

Mullers Ratchet

A

genetic load, the build up of slightly deleterious alleles in a population is lower in sexually reproducing populations

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12
Q

combining of adaptive traits

A

two beneficial mutations that appear simultaneously in different individuals cannot be passed on to a single offspring via mitosis

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13
Q

These are multiple detrimental consequences of sexual reproduction. Which of these imposes the highest fitness cost on sexually reproducing species?

A

the cost of males: two individuals are required to make viable offspring instead of just one

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14
Q

Although bacteria and archaea do not reproduce sexually, _________ facilitates sharing of some genetic material between distantly related lineages and has played an important role in the evolution and history of this group.

A

horizontal gene transfer

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15
Q

What would be the best way to determine if a species reproduces sexually if all you had were DNA samples from several different individuals?

A

compare a phylogeny based on mitochondrial genes with one based on nuclear genes. in sexually reproducing populations these phylogenies wont match

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16
Q

All of the following groups have species that reproduce asexually except ____

A

mammals

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17
Q

Which of the following lines of evidence best demonstrates the overall advantage of sexual reproduction compared to asexual reproduction?

A

species with a sexually reproducing ancestor that have reverted to asexual reproduction are only found on recently diverged branches of phylogenies

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18
Q

What is the cause of sexual conflict between males and females of a species?

A

when a behavior that is an adaptation for the males is detrimental to the fitness of females

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19
Q

A _______ signal is most likely to be honest

A

costly

20
Q

In extent homonid species there is aclear average size difference between males and females. Which of the following is the most reasonable explanation for this?

A

it could be due to intrasexual selection: competition among males for access to the females has selected for larger males

21
Q

Honest signal

A

female grizzly bears will most frequently select the largest available mate. size in male grizzly bears is correlated iwth fitness based on other traits

22
Q

Runaway selection

A

long tails in male widow birds are the major factor predicting female choice. these tails are otherwise a detriment to male fitness and are not correlated with fitness based on other traits

23
Q

Sensory bias

A

female guppies have been demonstrated to prefer males with long tail extensions; even though this trait does not occur naturally in members of this species

24
Q

Meiotic drive

A

drosophila simulans have a gene called dox that has an influence on the relative frequency of alleles of other genes so that they are not represented in the gametes at mendelian frequencies

25
Q

Sperm competition

A

some male insects have a large type of gamete that effectively blocks up the female reproductive tract and greatly reduces the effectiveness of future matings

26
Q

Select the best example of intersexual selection

A

in many species of frogs the male has a very loud call that the females evaluate and respond to when they are trying to choose a mate

27
Q

Altruism due to kinship selection confers a fitness adavantage when rb-c > 0 in this equation what does the r represent

A

degree of relatedness between the altruistic individual and the recipient

28
Q

what is the difference between cooperation and mutualism?

A

cooperation occurs between individuals within the same species while mutualism occurs betwen individuals of different often very distantly related species

29
Q

why has eusociality evolved so many times within the hymenoptera

A

sisters have a coefficient of relatedness of 0.75 which increases the likelihood of kin selection for cooperative traits

30
Q

commensalism

A

small birds often follow large herbivores because it enables them to easily find disturbed insects to eat

31
Q

Mutualism

A

saguaro cacti are pollinated by lesser long nosed bats looking for food in saguaro blossoms

mullerian mimicry, when two toxic species have similar aposematic coloration

32
Q

Antagonism

A

plasmodium flaciparum is a human parasite

33
Q

According to Zaman et al what happens to host complexity if they are cured of being influenced by a parasite

A

host complexity begins to decrease due to the release of coevolutionary pressure imposed by the parasites

34
Q

which of the following species interactions will most likely result in cospeciation of the species involved

A

endosymbiotic bacteria that can only survive inside the cells of a single aphid species

35
Q

A researcher studying bees, wasps and their harmless mimics notices that there are distinctly different populations found in certain areas. She postulates that this is due to primarily to coevolutionary relationships that are different in different areas due to the distribution of various models and mimics and their predators. If this hypothesis is correct it would be a clear example of ______________.

A

mosaic coevolution

36
Q

The monarch butterfly is toxic and exhibits aposematic coloration, the viceroy butterfly is not toxic and looks very similar to the monarch butterfly. What type of mimicry is exhibited here and what is the exological relationship between the two butterfly species?

A

batesian, antagonistic

37
Q

In class we discussed and example from the book that detailed a fossil record of clams and their snail predators. These species saw an active trend over time in both the thickness of the clams shell and the size of the structures the snail used to pry open the shell. This is an example of ___________________.

A

a coevolutionary arms race

38
Q

because culture isnt directly impacted by the genetic background of an individual it cannot evolve

A

false

39
Q

Proximate

A

the syndrome is caused by the ebola virus

40
Q

Developmental

A

this condition is highly contagious and can be passed to a new victim via contact with an infected animal or fluid form an infected person

41
Q

Evolutionary

A

ebola virus has a relatively low mutation rate and thus relies on infection of naive individuals

42
Q

Phylogenetic

A

analysis fo the relationships among related viruses has helped to narrow the possible natural reservoirs of this disease

43
Q

Viral hemorrhagic fever syndrome goes through extended periods of no human cases, only to have sudden flair ups with exponentially increasing numbers of victims. This pattern occurs because it is__________.

A

a zoonotic disease

44
Q

Why doesnt one case of influenza infection confer lifelong immunity on the host?

A

because this virus has a high rate of mutation and frequently evolves new strains that are no longer recognizable by the immune system

45
Q

aging can be viewed as an adaptive trade off for

A

reproductive performance earlier in life

46
Q

Which is not an explanation for senescence

A

removal of genetic load. older individuals typically have more deleterious mutations in their somatic cells, so when they dies these mutations are removed from the population

Evolution (4 decks)

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