Exam 4

Question 1

Why are distinct patterns of anagenesis and cladogenesis difficult to identify in the fossil record?

Answer 1

because the fossil record is fragmentary and so not complete enough for most species to accurately reconstruct these patterns

Question 2

Darwins hypotheses about evolution included gradual change over time and no clear correlation between anagenesis and cladogenesis. Best fits which of the following patterns of historical speciation?

Answer 2

phyletic gradualism

Question 3

What type of speciation is most likely to give rise to pattern of punctuated equilibrium

Answer 3

peripheral speciation

Question 4

Although several passive and active trends are apparent in the fossil record for specific groups of organisms there are not rends that can be applied generally to life on earth

Answer 4

true

Question 5

A researcher is studying a new species of bird. She identifies nesting groups composed of several males and several females, these groups are fixed each mating season and once fixed no new males or females of the species are allowed to join the group. The baby birds are genetically diverse and parental markers from all of the adults can be found spread among the baby bird population. Which of the following best describes this species system of mating?

Answer 5

anisogamous, polynandrous species, with sexual reproduction

Question 6

Which of the following evolutionary forces best explains why most sexually reproducing species have two sexes, males and females?

Answer 6

diversifying selection on early gametes as sexual reproduction originates

Question 7

Although many species of plants can reproduce both asexually and sexually all animals can only reproduce via a single method

Answer 7

false

Question 8

What is the main benefit of asexual reproduction?

Answer 8

energy efficiency; no need to attract and convince a mate and no need to have two sexes in the population

Question 9

What is the main benefit of sexual reproduction?

Answer 9

increased genetic diversity in offspring due to recombination that occurs during meiosis

Question 10

Red Queen Hypothesis

Answer 10

organisms that reproduce sexually are better able to coevolve with their parasites

Question 11

Mullers Ratchet

Answer 11

genetic load, the build up of slightly deleterious alleles in a population is lower in sexually reproducing populations

Question 12

combining of adaptive traits

Answer 12

two beneficial mutations that appear simultaneously in different individuals cannot be passed on to a single offspring via mitosis

Question 13

These are multiple detrimental consequences of sexual reproduction. Which of these imposes the highest fitness cost on sexually reproducing species?

Answer 13

the cost of males: two individuals are required to make viable offspring instead of just one

Question 14

Although bacteria and archaea do not reproduce sexually, _________ facilitates sharing of some genetic material between distantly related lineages and has played an important role in the evolution and history of this group.

Answer 14

horizontal gene transfer

Question 15

What would be the best way to determine if a species reproduces sexually if all you had were DNA samples from several different individuals?

Answer 15

compare a phylogeny based on mitochondrial genes with one based on nuclear genes. in sexually reproducing populations these phylogenies wont match

Question 16

All of the following groups have species that reproduce asexually except ____

Answer 16

mammals

Question 17

Which of the following lines of evidence best demonstrates the overall advantage of sexual reproduction compared to asexual reproduction?

Answer 17

species with a sexually reproducing ancestor that have reverted to asexual reproduction are only found on recently diverged branches of phylogenies

Question 18

What is the cause of sexual conflict between males and females of a species?

Answer 18

when a behavior that is an adaptation for the males is detrimental to the fitness of females

Question 19

A _______ signal is most likely to be honest

Answer 19

costly

Question 20

In extent homonid species there is aclear average size difference between males and females. Which of the following is the most reasonable explanation for this?

Answer 20

it could be due to intrasexual selection: competition among males for access to the females has selected for larger males

Question 21

Honest signal

Answer 21

female grizzly bears will most frequently select the largest available mate. size in male grizzly bears is correlated iwth fitness based on other traits

Question 22

Runaway selection

Answer 22

long tails in male widow birds are the major factor predicting female choice. these tails are otherwise a detriment to male fitness and are not correlated with fitness based on other traits

Question 23

Sensory bias

Answer 23

female guppies have been demonstrated to prefer males with long tail extensions; even though this trait does not occur naturally in members of this species

Question 24

Meiotic drive

Answer 24

drosophila simulans have a gene called dox that has an influence on the relative frequency of alleles of other genes so that they are not represented in the gametes at mendelian frequencies

Question 25

Sperm competition

Answer 25

some male insects have a large type of gamete that effectively blocks up the female reproductive tract and greatly reduces the effectiveness of future matings

Question 26

Select the best example of intersexual selection

Answer 26

in many species of frogs the male has a very loud call that the females evaluate and respond to when they are trying to choose a mate

Question 27

Altruism due to kinship selection confers a fitness adavantage when rb-c > 0 in this equation what does the r represent

Answer 27

degree of relatedness between the altruistic individual and the recipient

Question 28

what is the difference between cooperation and mutualism?

Answer 28

cooperation occurs between individuals within the same species while mutualism occurs betwen individuals of different often very distantly related species

Question 29

why has eusociality evolved so many times within the hymenoptera

Answer 29

sisters have a coefficient of relatedness of 0.75 which increases the likelihood of kin selection for cooperative traits

Question 30

commensalism

Answer 30

small birds often follow large herbivores because it enables them to easily find disturbed insects to eat

Question 31

Mutualism

Answer 31

saguaro cacti are pollinated by lesser long nosed bats looking for food in saguaro blossoms mullerian mimicry, when two toxic species have similar aposematic coloration

Question 32

Antagonism

Answer 32

plasmodium flaciparum is a human parasite

Question 33

According to Zaman et al what happens to host complexity if they are cured of being influenced by a parasite

Answer 33

host complexity begins to decrease due to the release of coevolutionary pressure imposed by the parasites

Question 34

which of the following species interactions will most likely result in cospeciation of the species involved

Answer 34

endosymbiotic bacteria that can only survive inside the cells of a single aphid species

Question 35

A researcher studying bees, wasps and their harmless mimics notices that there are distinctly different populations found in certain areas. She postulates that this is due to primarily to coevolutionary relationships that are different in different areas due to the distribution of various models and mimics and their predators. If this hypothesis is correct it would be a clear example of ______________.

Answer 35

mosaic coevolution

Question 36

The monarch butterfly is toxic and exhibits aposematic coloration, the viceroy butterfly is not toxic and looks very similar to the monarch butterfly. What type of mimicry is exhibited here and what is the exological relationship between the two butterfly species?

Answer 36

batesian, antagonistic

Question 37

In class we discussed and example from the book that detailed a fossil record of clams and their snail predators. These species saw an active trend over time in both the thickness of the clams shell and the size of the structures the snail used to pry open the shell. This is an example of ___________________.

Answer 37

a coevolutionary arms race

Question 38

because culture isnt directly impacted by the genetic background of an individual it cannot evolve

Answer 38

false

Question 39

Proximate

Answer 39

the syndrome is caused by the ebola virus

Question 40

Developmental

Answer 40

this condition is highly contagious and can be passed to a new victim via contact with an infected animal or fluid form an infected person

Question 41

Evolutionary

Answer 41

ebola virus has a relatively low mutation rate and thus relies on infection of naive individuals

Question 42

Phylogenetic

Answer 42

analysis fo the relationships among related viruses has helped to narrow the possible natural reservoirs of this disease

Question 43

Viral hemorrhagic fever syndrome goes through extended periods of no human cases, only to have sudden flair ups with exponentially increasing numbers of victims. This pattern occurs because it is__________.

Answer 43

a zoonotic disease

Question 44

Why doesnt one case of influenza infection confer lifelong immunity on the host?

Answer 44

because this virus has a high rate of mutation and frequently evolves new strains that are no longer recognizable by the immune system

Question 45

aging can be viewed as an adaptive trade off for

Answer 45

reproductive performance earlier in life

Question 46

Which is not an explanation for senescence

Answer 46

removal of genetic load. older individuals typically have more deleterious mutations in their somatic cells, so when they dies these mutations are removed from the population