exam 4

Question 1

Landforms created by wind are ____.

Answer 1

Eolian

Question 2

wind erosion of desert surfaces is termed:

Answer 2

deflation

Question 3

wind erosion of desert surfaces often forms:

Answer 3

desert pavements

Question 4

sand dunes migrate downwind by:

Answer 4

sand grains blowing up windward slope and cascading down the leeward slope

Question 5

crescent shaped dunes with “horns” pointed downwind

Answer 5

Barchan dunes

Question 6

ridge shaped dunes aligned perpendicular to the wind

Answer 6

Transverse dunes

Question 7

wind blown dust transported over long distances, deposited in thick layers

Answer 7

loess

Question 8

Large deposits of wind blown dust found in

Answer 8

China

Question 9

Dry stream channels in the US southwest

Answer 9

washes

Question 10

coalesced alluvial fans form

Answer 10

bajadas

Question 11

“Flood tide” refers to:

Answer 11

rising tide

Question 12

Most places experience ___ high tides and ___ low tides a year.

Answer 12

2

Question 13

The greatest tidal range between high and low tide occurs:

Answer 13

During Full and New Moon phases

Question 14

Spring tides occur when:

Answer 14

Every 2 weeks throughout the year

Question 15

What is an example of an erosional feature on a coastline?

Answer 15

sea stack

Question 16

Deposit of sand at a sharp bend in the coastline is:

Answer 16

A spit

Question 17

Deposit of sand joining a former island to shore is:

Answer 17

A tombolo

Question 18

The distance over which wave-generating wind blows is:

Answer 18

The fetch

Question 19

Wave oscillation becomes negligible at about:

Answer 19

Half a wavelength

Question 20

Mixture of fresh and salt water is called:

Answer 20

Brackish

Question 21

Distinct layer within a soil is:

Answer 21

Soil horizon

Question 22

O horizon is named for:

Answer 22

Its organic content

Question 23

Decomposed organic materials, usually dark in color

Answer 23

Humus

Question 24

Removal of soil materials by percolating water:

Answer 24

Leaching

Question 25

Deposition of soil materials by percolating water in lower levels:

Answer 25

illuviation

Question 26

Horizon composed of weathered bedrock:

Answer 26

C horizon

Question 27

Horizon composed of consolidated/unconsolidated bedrock

Answer 27

R horizon

Question 28

Mollisols are:

Answer 28

grassland soils

Question 29

Vertisols are:

Answer 29

Soils rich in expansive clay

Question 30

Iron and aluminum oxides give what horizon an orange color?

Answer 30

B horizon

Question 31

What vegetation has developed on the Paluxy and Woodbine sandstones?

Answer 31

Oak woodlands

Question 32

What kind of vegetation has developed on the limestones, clays (shales) and marls between Paluxy and Woodbine?

Answer 32

Grasslands

Question 33

What kind of soil has developed on Paluxy and Woodbine?

Answer 33

Alfisols

Question 34

What kind of soil has developed on the limestones, clays (shales) and marls between Paluxy and Woodbine sandstones?

Answer 34

Mollisols

Question 35

What kind of soil has developed on the Eagle Ford Shale, Austin Chalk and Taylor Marl running through Dallas?

Answer 35

Vertisols

Question 36

The area on the Paluxy sandstone is called the:

Answer 36

Western Cross Timbers

Question 37

The area on the limestones. clays (shales) and marls between the Paluxy and Woodbine sandstones is called the:

Answer 37

Grand Prairie

Question 38

The area on the Eagle Ford Shale, Austin Chalk, and Taylor Marl running through Dallas is:

Answer 38

Backland Prairie

Question 39

Gullies are common on the:

Answer 39

Western Cross Timbers

Question 40

Foundation problems are common on the:

Answer 40

Backland Prairie

Question 41

The sun’s energy output varies in cycles that correlate with:

Answer 41

Sunspot activity

Question 42

A colder than average climatic period from 1250-1850 AD was the:

Answer 42

Little Ice Age

Question 43

Cyclical variations in earth’s orbit are known as:

Answer 43

Milankovitch Cycles

Question 44

Volcanic aerosols cause:

Answer 44

Cooling

Question 45

Is the current warming trend just more natural variability?

Answer 45

No.

Question 46

Over the 20th century, carbon dioxide emissions increased by a factor of:

Answer 46

10

Question 47

What is an example of evidence of global warming?

Answer 47

increasing temperature, arctic ice melting, shrinking glaciers

Question 48

NOAA predicts an increase in sea level of between ____m by 2100:

Answer 48

0.3 to 1.2

Question 49

Sea level rise is caused by:

Answer 49

Ice Melt and thermal expansion of sea water

Question 50

165 countries signed the ____ in 2016 in response to climate change:

Answer 50

Paris Climate Agreement

Question 51

Water that reaches the ground faster than it can infiltrate generates ___, which supplies ___ to nearby streams

Answer 51

surface runoff; storm flow.

Question 52

Two kinds of overland flow are:

Answer 52

infiltration excess and saturation

Question 53

A graph showing the change in stream discharge over time is a:

Answer 53

hydrograph

Question 54

The white rock creek hypothesis was that urbanization will:

Answer 54

increase storm flow, increase peak discharge, decrease lag time

Question 55

White rock creek watershed changed from ____ rural in 1964 to ____ urban in 2002

Answer 55

87%, 95%

Question 56

Why was no storm flow generated in the 60’s watershed for a hypothetical storm of 0.5 inches per hour for 3 hours?

Answer 56

Infiltration rate of the watershed was not exceeded, all the rain soaked into the ground.

Question 57

A 10-year storm event is:

Answer 57

A storm likely to occur once in 10 years.

Question 58

Which factor directly increases flood risk:

Answer 58

Increased peak

Question 59

The White rock creek study found that the watershed’s infiltration rate was reduced by ___ between the 1960’s and the 2000’s:

Answer 59

60%

Question 60

Why does urbanization increase storm flow?

Answer 60

Soil is covered by impermeable surfaces.