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biology102 > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How do viruses replicate

A

Using host cells or copying its own genetic makeup

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2
Q

Basic structures of viruses

A

capsid (productive shell) nucleic genome (DNA or RNA) envelope (layer of membrane)

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3
Q

how are viruses visualized

A

electron microscope

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4
Q

steps of infections from virus

A

attachment
injection
replication
release

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5
Q

external barriers in immune system

A

hair, musous membrane, skin

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6
Q

internal barriers of immune system

A

tears, saliva, mucous

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7
Q

Characteristics of inflammatory response

A

redness, swelling, heat, pain

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8
Q

humoral immune response and what is it controlled by

A

B- cells (chemical response to antigens in body by producing specific antibodies that circle through body and bind with the antigen when encountered

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9
Q

cell-mediated immune response

A

t cells ( causes reaction, engulfs and digests pathogens and forms response about infection

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10
Q

allergies

A

immediate hypersensitivities, reaction within minutes of exposure

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11
Q

delayed hypersensitivity

A

takes 2 days after exposure for reaction (rash, skin irritation)

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12
Q

Auto immune response

A

hypersensitivity to self antigens, marks self components as foreign

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13
Q

what is the spleen and the primary function

A

lymphatic system, blood filter

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14
Q

lymph

A

watery fluid that coats organs

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15
Q

how do antibosies binding to antigens fight off infections

A

through neutralization opsonization and complement activation

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16
Q

macrophages

A

Large WBC that engulfs in foreign particles and pathogens

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17
Q

cytokines

A

chemical released by WBC ehrn pathogen is recognised as foreign

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18
Q

functions of the hormone testosterone

A

stimulating spermatogenesis and development of secondary sexual characteristics in genetic males

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19
Q

what happens to the primitive gonads when testosterone is absent during development

A

is female

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20
Q

hemaphrodite

A

both male and female reproductive systems

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21
Q

waht does the ovarian cycle govern

A

prepartion of endocrine tissues and releasae of eggs

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22
Q

what does the menstrual cycle govern

A

preparation and maintenance of uterine lining

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23
Q

define quadrat

A

square randomly located on ground to count individuals in the boundaries (plant)

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24
Q

define mark

A

capture mark then release, new sample captured to determine how many are in new sample

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25
life table
life history and expectancy og individuals at each age
26
survivorship curve
type 1: Mortality low in early and middle mostly in order (humans) type 2: mortality constant through lifespan (bird) Type 3: early age is highest mortality (tree)
27
logistic growth
limites resources and meets carrying capacity (S curve)
28
Exponential growth
theoretical populations that increase overtime without limits to growth (unlimited resources J curve)
29
R selected species
adapted to unstable and unpredictasble environment (jellyfish and plants)
30
K selected species
adapted to stable predictable environments (larger but fewer offspring, elephants)
31
dependent
density of population affects growth and mortality
32
independent
physical in nature cause mortality reguardless of pop density *weather, natural disaster
33
keystone species
hqs inordinate influence maintaining and prevalence of species in ecosysyen (sea star)
34
foundation species
base of community (autotrophs and are abundant) coral reef
35
pioneer species
the first ones to colonize a bare substrate in primary succession while first to colonize a destroyed habitat in secondary succession.
36
commensalism
one species benefits from close prolonged interaction while other neither benefit nor harmed
37
parisitism
feeds off another without instantly killinh (host harmed)
38
mutualism
both benefit
39
behavioral defense
body shape to avoid being detected by predators
40
mechanical defense
thorns in plant
41
chemical defense
many animals produce chem defenses from plants and store them to prevent predation (toxic when consumed)
42
mimicry
some prey species evolve to mimic the coloration of other harmful prey species to avoid being eaten
43
ecosystem
community of living organisms and their abiotic environment
44
food chain
linear sequense of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass as one organism eats another
45
food web
multiple interactions between each species and the many species feed on it
46
What is nitrification and denitrification and what role do they play in the Nitrogen Cycle.
The process of converting ammonium (NH4+) to nitrites (NO2-) is called nitrification and the process of converting nitrates into nitrogen gas to re-enter the atmosphere is called denitrification)
47
What are the different terrestrial biomes?
Tropical rainforest, savannas, deserts, chaparral, temperate grasslands, temperate forests, boreal forests, arctic tundra,
48
photic zone
from the surface to the bottom or the limit to which photosynthesis occurs
49
aphotic zone
at depths greater than 200 m light cannot penetrate
50
producers in food chain
photosynthetic
51
grazing food web
plants or photosynthetic organisms at its base, followed bt herbivores and various carnivores
52
detrital food web
consists of a base of organisms that feed on decaying matter including decomposers (fungi bacteria)
53
sublimation of water cycle
transition of water from ice to water vapor
54
in which terrestrial biome is permafrost
arctic tundra
55
what are estuaries
biomes that occur where a river, a source of fresh water, meets the ocean
56
wetlands
environments in which oil is either permanently / periodically saturated with water
57
how do ecologists meaure biodiversity
by taking into account the number of species and the # of individuals in each species
58
types of biodiversity
genetic - raw material for the adaptation in a species ( greatest potential for subsequent evolution is the most genetically diverse chemical - genetic makeups produce different assortments of chemicals in their cells (important for humsnd because of the potential use of chemical (medication ecosystem - # of different ecosystems on earth or in geographical area
59
whi is bio diversity important
human health, agriculture and wild food sources
60
sumatran forest is an example of
habitat loss
61
exotic species
species intentionally or unintentionally introduced by humans into an ecosystem in which they did not evolve
62
biodiversity hotspot
areas that contain high numbers of endemic species
63
preservees
land set aside with protection for organisms in the boundaries

biology102 (1 decks)

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