Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology102 > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How do viruses replicate

A

Using host cells or copying its own genetic makeup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Basic structures of viruses

A

capsid (productive shell) nucleic genome (DNA or RNA) envelope (layer of membrane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how are viruses visualized

A

electron microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

steps of infections from virus

A

attachment
injection
replication
release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

external barriers in immune system

A

hair, musous membrane, skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

internal barriers of immune system

A

tears, saliva, mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Characteristics of inflammatory response

A

redness, swelling, heat, pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

humoral immune response and what is it controlled by

A

B- cells (chemical response to antigens in body by producing specific antibodies that circle through body and bind with the antigen when encountered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cell-mediated immune response

A

t cells ( causes reaction, engulfs and digests pathogens and forms response about infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

allergies

A

immediate hypersensitivities, reaction within minutes of exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

delayed hypersensitivity

A

takes 2 days after exposure for reaction (rash, skin irritation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Auto immune response

A

hypersensitivity to self antigens, marks self components as foreign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the spleen and the primary function

A

lymphatic system, blood filter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

lymph

A

watery fluid that coats organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how do antibosies binding to antigens fight off infections

A

through neutralization opsonization and complement activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

macrophages

A

Large WBC that engulfs in foreign particles and pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cytokines

A

chemical released by WBC ehrn pathogen is recognised as foreign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

functions of the hormone testosterone

A

stimulating spermatogenesis and development of secondary sexual characteristics in genetic males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens to the primitive gonads when testosterone is absent during development

A

is female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

hemaphrodite

A

both male and female reproductive systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

waht does the ovarian cycle govern

A

prepartion of endocrine tissues and releasae of eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does the menstrual cycle govern

A

preparation and maintenance of uterine lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

define quadrat

A

square randomly located on ground to count individuals in the boundaries (plant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

define mark

A

capture mark then release, new sample captured to determine how many are in new sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

life table

A

life history and expectancy og individuals at each age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

survivorship curve

A

type 1: Mortality low in early and middle mostly in order (humans)
type 2: mortality constant through lifespan (bird)
Type 3: early age is highest mortality (tree)

27
Q

logistic growth

A

limites resources and meets carrying capacity (S curve)

28
Q

Exponential growth

A

theoretical populations that increase overtime without limits to growth (unlimited resources J curve)

29
Q

R selected species

A

adapted to unstable and unpredictasble environment (jellyfish and plants)

30
Q

K selected species

A

adapted to stable predictable environments (larger but fewer offspring, elephants)

31
Q

dependent

A

density of population affects growth and mortality

32
Q

independent

A

physical in nature cause mortality reguardless of pop density *weather, natural disaster

33
Q

keystone species

A

hqs inordinate influence maintaining and prevalence of species in ecosysyen (sea star)

34
Q

foundation species

A

base of community (autotrophs and are abundant) coral reef

35
Q

pioneer species

A

the first ones to colonize a bare substrate in primary succession while first to colonize a destroyed habitat in secondary succession.

36
Q

commensalism

A

one species benefits from close prolonged interaction while other neither benefit nor harmed

37
Q

parisitism

A

feeds off another without instantly killinh (host harmed)

38
Q

mutualism

A

both benefit

39
Q

behavioral defense

A

body shape to avoid being detected by predators

40
Q

mechanical defense

A

thorns in plant

41
Q

chemical defense

A

many animals produce chem defenses from plants and store them to prevent predation (toxic when consumed)

42
Q

mimicry

A

some prey species evolve to mimic the coloration of other harmful prey species to avoid being eaten

43
Q

ecosystem

A

community of living organisms and their abiotic environment

44
Q

food chain

A

linear sequense of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass as one organism eats another

45
Q

food web

A

multiple interactions between each species and the many species feed on it

46
Q

What is nitrification and denitrification and what role do they play in the Nitrogen Cycle.

A

The process of converting ammonium (NH4+) to nitrites (NO2-) is called nitrification and the process of converting nitrates into nitrogen gas to re-enter the atmosphere is called denitrification)

47
Q

What are the different terrestrial biomes?

A

Tropical rainforest, savannas, deserts, chaparral, temperate grasslands, temperate forests, boreal forests, arctic tundra,

48
Q

photic zone

A

from the surface to the bottom or the limit to which photosynthesis occurs

49
Q

aphotic zone

A

at depths greater than 200 m light cannot penetrate

50
Q

producers in food chain

A

photosynthetic

51
Q

grazing food web

A

plants or photosynthetic organisms at its base, followed bt herbivores and various carnivores

52
Q

detrital food web

A

consists of a base of organisms that feed on decaying matter including decomposers (fungi bacteria)

53
Q

sublimation of water cycle

A

transition of water from ice to water vapor

54
Q

in which terrestrial biome is permafrost

A

arctic tundra

55
Q

what are estuaries

A

biomes that occur where a river, a source of fresh water, meets the ocean

56
Q

wetlands

A

environments in which oil is either permanently / periodically saturated with water

57
Q

how do ecologists meaure biodiversity

A

by taking into account the number of species and the # of individuals in each species

58
Q

types of biodiversity

A

genetic - raw material for the adaptation in a species ( greatest potential for subsequent evolution is the most genetically diverse

chemical - genetic makeups produce different assortments of chemicals in their cells (important for humsnd because of the potential use of chemical (medication

ecosystem - # of different ecosystems on earth or in geographical area

59
Q

whi is bio diversity important

A

human health, agriculture and wild food sources

60
Q

sumatran forest is an example of

A

habitat loss

61
Q

exotic species

A

species intentionally or unintentionally introduced by humans into an ecosystem in which they did not evolve

62
Q

biodiversity hotspot

A

areas that contain high numbers of endemic species

63
Q

preservees

A

land set aside with protection for organisms in the boundaries

biology102 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions