Exam 4 Flashcards
primary motor symptoms of PD
- bradykinesia: slowness and lack movement
- tremor at rest
- rigidity
- flexed posture and postural instability
cardinal feature of PD
bradykinesia
almost all have
secondary motor symptoms of PD
- freezing of gait
- micrographia
- mask-like expression
why do PD patients have micrographia
difficult to concetrate on the size of the writing and the thing they are writing
non motor features of PD
- sleep disorders
- autonomic function
- sensation loss
- cognitive impairment
- mood
autonomic function problems in PD are likely due to
denervation
main neuropathological hallmarks of PD
- loss of dopamenergic neurons in the SNpc
- loss of pigmented neurons in the SNpc
- lewy bodies
The motor symptoms of PD result from the loss of which neurotransmitter?
dopamine
Which neurons are most severely lost in PD patients?
Neurons in the Substantia nigra Pars Compacta
if dopamine is lost in PD, why do treatments use L-Dopa?
- dopamine is too big to cross the BBB
- dopamine broken down too quickly
- L-Dopa does not do these things
therapeutic targets to improve dopamine neurotransmission in PD
- viral expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (makes L-Dopa)
- expression of AADC (makes dopamine)
- MAO/COMT inhibitors
- DAT inhibitors
- DA receptor agonists
MAO/COMT does what
breaks down dopamine
PD treatment by using DA receptor agonists helps because
dopamine is relased more since the receptors don’t signal that it is not needed anymore
PD treatment by using DAT inhibitors helps because
DAT not there to uptake dopamine
critical advancements in discovering PD
- DA recognized as a neurotransmitter
- MPTP usage by addicts causing parkinson’s like symptoms
- genetic causes discovery
MPTP is
a prototypical DAergic toxin
* causes degeneration of DAergic neurons
how does MPTP cause loss of DA neurons
- MPTP crosses BBB
- MPTP turned into MPP+ by MOA-B in astrocytes
- MPP is uptaked via DAT into mitochondria
- oxygen free redicals and energetic failure in mitchondria = cell death
current therapies for basal ganglia circuit in PD
- DA or cell therapy replacement
- surgical pallidotomy
- DBS
Deep brain stimulation treats the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease patients by:
interfering with signals in the basal ganglia circuit in the brain
PD has loss of D1 or D2 neurons
D1
Mutations in which of the following genes is not considered a monogenic cause of PD?
SNCA
PINK1
GBA
LRRK2
GBA
Which genetic mutations is the most common cause of PD?
IMPORTANT - MIGHT BE ON EXAM
LRRK2
IMPORTANT - MIGHT BE ON EXAM
Which genetic mutations is the most common cause of PD?
IMPORTANT - MIGHT BE ON EXAM
LRRK2
IMPORTANT - MIGHT BE ON EXAM
According to Braak, where does alpha-synuclein pathology (Lewy Bodies) first appear in the CNS of PD cases?
Dorsal Motor Nucleus of Vagus
10% of PD cases are
genetic
Parkin mutations are _ _
autosomal dominant
genes involved in PD that mutate
- SNCA
- PINK1
- DJ-1
parkin is a _ that is important in _
E3 ligase important for Ub tagged degredation
PINK1 mutations are
autosomal recessive
PINK1 normally has a _ and function to _
mitochondrial targetting motif and localizes to mitochondria
PINK1 regulates
mitochondrial fussion/fission
in animals, deletion of PINK1 led to
muscle atrophy
in animals, deletion of PINK1 was corrected by
overexpression of Parkin
PINK1 normally _ parkin
recruits and activates parkin
parkin/pink 1 mutations have:
* onset
* symptoms
* degeneration
* pathologies
- onset before 40
- slow or no symptoms
- selective degeneration of SNpc and locus coeruleus neurons
- no lewy bodies or tau pathologies
Parkin/PINK1 knockout mice features
- no neurodegeneration
- loss of DA neurons sometimes
- no increase of vunerability of DA neurons ot MPTP or synuclein toxicity
- overexpression of parkin protexted DA neurons from MPTP and alpha synuclein toxicity
overexpression of parkin…
protected DA neurons from MPTP and alpha synuclein toxicity
DJ-1 is what type of mutation
point mutation
L166P mutant is in what gene
DJ-1
DJ-1 knockout mice have severe or mild phenotype
mild
SNCA mutations are _ _
autosomal dominant
synuclein normally functions
as a synaptic chaperone
* important to inhibition of vesicle release (inhibit neurotransmitter release)
alpha synuclein antibodies…
recognize lewy bodies
lewy bodies are composed of
fibrillar alpha synuclein
alpha synuclein aggregates form
lewy bodies
two other types of alpha synucleinpathies
- dementia with lewy bodies
- multiple system atrophy (MSA)
what parts of the brain show Lewy Bodies in PD
Hippocampus
Locus Coeruleus
Vagal Nerve
IMPORTANT
Toxic conversion of alpha-synuclein is thought to involve:
formation of beta sheet structures
IMPORTANT
Which of the following are genetic risk factors for sporadic PD?
APP
PINK1
Parkin
MAPT
MAPT
IMPORTANT
synucleins inhibit
neurotransmitter release
alpha synuclein antibodies recognize
lewy bodies, lew neurites and GCIs
in SMA and dementia in lewy bodies, alpha synucleinopathies occur in
oligodendricytes
in SMA and dementia in lewy bodies, alpha synucleinopathies occur in
oligodendricytes
alpha synuclein pathology in PD initiates from _ and moves _
the brainstem and moves anteriorally
expression of A53T Hu alpha syn leads to
fatal neurological disease in Tg mice
human alpha synuclein transgenic mice features
- sudden onset
- rapid progession
- within 10 days, catatonic
expression of A53T Hu alpha syn
causes neurodegeneration in DA neurons
LRRK2 is important to
innate immunity
membrane trafficking
other things
gene important in PD
LRRK2 is important to
innate immunity
membrane trafficking
other things
gene important in PD
homzygous loss of function in _ causes Gaucher disease
GBS
LRRK2 pathology
- lewy bodies
- alpha syn aggregates
- extran SN degeneration
LRRK2 mutation are _ inheritance
autosomal dominant
PD
LRRK2 mutation PD has clinical pathology
- progressive
- common non motor abnormalities
- dementia
PRKN PINK 1 and DJ1 inheritance
autosomal recessive
PRKN PINK DJ 1 mutations pathologies
- no lewy bodies
- selective SNpc degeneration
clinical PRKN PINK1 DJ1
- slowly progressive
- limited non motoric abnormalities
lack of GBA causes dysfunction in
the lysosomes
PD
lack of GBA causes dysfunction in
the lysosomes
PD
genes that are heriditary PD
- LRRK2
- PRKN
- PINK1
- DJ-1