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Geog 1100 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

rock flour

A

fine pulverized rock

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2
Q

till

A

unconsolidated sediment

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3
Q

abrasion

A

grinding by rock/ ice mixture

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4
Q

plucking

A

lifting of rocks and associated movement

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5
Q

moraine

A

debris of till at margins of the ice sheet (medial, terminal, recessional)

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6
Q

arete

A

knife-like ridge produced by parallel intersecting glacial trough walls

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7
Q

cirque

A

bowl shaped depression often near the glacial accumulation zone

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8
Q

horn

A

three or more adjacent cirques leaving pointed peek

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9
Q

col

A

gap or opening in the glacial trough wall

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10
Q

glacial trough

A

u-shaped valley carved by the glacier

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11
Q

hanging trough

A

where tributary glacier intersects primary alpine glacier

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12
Q

tarn

A

lake left in a cirque after glacial retreat

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13
Q

fiord

A

where a trough opens to the sea with glacial retreat

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14
Q

landslides

A

when failure steep sided trough walls

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15
Q

trough lake

A

elongated lakes left in glacial trough after glacial retreat

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16
Q

What are the two continental ice sheets today?

A

Antarctica and Greenland

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17
Q

Which continental ice sheet is the biggest?

A

Antarctica

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18
Q

Iceberg

A

90% volume below the sea level. Hazardous to shipping

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19
Q

Ice Shelf

A

A floating sheet of ice permanently attached to a landmass. These shelves are enormous and may be several hundred feet thick

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20
Q

Pleistocene glaciation

A
  • Occurred from approximately 2.5 million to 22,700 years ago
  • First noted by Louis Agassiz in mid-1800’s. He was a Swiss naturalist
  • There were over 20 glacial events occurring during this time period with periods of glacial retreat
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21
Q

What are the impacts of Pleistocene Glaciation?

A
  • Temperature change (5-10 degrees cooler)
  • Isostatic adjustment (weight of ice forced continents down 300 meters; currently continents are rising at about 2 cm per year)
  • Change in sea level (off Atlantic decreased 137 meters. Shoreline- 100 to 200 km from where it is today)
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22
Q

What causes these cycles of glaciation?

A
  • Variations in the earth’s tilt
  • Variations in the earth’s eccentricity in its orbit about the sun
  • Precession (wobble)
  • Variations in the arrangement of the continents through plate tectonics
  • Variation in the ocean (air systems)
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23
Q

Drainage disruption

A

Soils that do not drain well in glaciated valleys. Gravelly with different size debris. ALSO POSSIBLY DERENGED DRANAGE SYSTEM where a drainage system has no coherent pattern. (tentative)

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24
Q

Pluvial lakes

A

a formerly large lake created by excessive rain paired with little evaporation

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25
Q

Scabland

A

rough, barren, volcanic topography with thin soils and little vegetation

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26
Q

Loess

A

Wind transported sediment from glaciated areas or deserts

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27
Q

striations

A

abrasion marks- trend in direction of ice movement- see rocks in central park, NY

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28
Q

glacial erratics

A

rock derived from poleward locations but carried south by glacial ice

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29
Q

kettle

A

when block of stagnate ice melts leaving a pitted area (small depression)

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30
Q

drumlin

A

smooth elongated hills- inverted spoon

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31
Q

eskers

A

winding ridges composed of sand and gravel; remnants of streams beneath glacial ice

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32
Q

kame

A

steep sided hill; where sand and gravel accumulated in ice crack or fissure (small hill)

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33
Q

marginal glacial lakes

A

where elongated valleys were carved and lakes were left as remnants

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34
Q

Stratified drift/ till

A

glacially sorted debris at edge of glacier

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35
Q

What are landforms made by?

A

Waves and currents

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36
Q

__% of population live within 93 miles of coastline

A

44%

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37
Q

What is the primary source of wave energy?

A

Wind

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38
Q

What are “swells”?

A

large waves when there is stronger wind

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39
Q

What is wave structure?

A

wave length, height, period, trough

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40
Q

What is a breaker

A

collapse of wave crest as wave approaches a shoreline

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41
Q

What kind of pattern do waves have?

A

Oscillartory

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42
Q

Swash

A

waves that wash up on the beach after an incoming wave has broken (at an angle)

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43
Q

Backwash

A

waves that wash back into the body of water

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44
Q

Beach Drift

A

movement along the coast based off swash and backwash

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45
Q

Longshore Drift

A

the movement of material along the shore by wave action

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46
Q

Jetties

A

a landing stage or small pier at which boats can dock or be moored

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47
Q

Groins

A

smaller version of jetties along coastline to help slowdown beach drift and longshore drift

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48
Q

Artificial nourishment

A

dumping in sand on coastline to reduce erosion

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49
Q

Wave cut terraces

A

a narrow water ridge inclining gradually away from the bottom of an eroded sea cliff.

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50
Q

sea caves

A

a type of cave formed primarily by the wave action of the sea

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51
Q

Sea arches

A

natural opening in the shape of a cliff, it is developed when the waves collide with the rock

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52
Q

sea stack

A

rock formation made up of a steep or upright column or columns of rock in the sea near a coast.

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53
Q

beach

A

a landform alongside a body of water which consists of loose particles

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54
Q

spit

A

A spit is a coastal landform connected to mainland

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55
Q

boymouth bar

A

a sandbank that partially or completely closes access to a bay.

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56
Q

tombolo

A

a bar of sand or shingle joining an island to the mainland.

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57
Q

_ high tide(s) and _ low tide(s) ever _ hours

A

2 HIGH and 2 LOW every 24 HOURS

58
Q

ebb current

A

seaward

59
Q

flood current

A

landward

60
Q

spring tide

A

strong high tides twice per month

61
Q

neap tide

A

lowest tides twice per month

62
Q

Tidal variations

A

Depends on ocean size, coastline shape, orientation relative to sun and moon

63
Q

salt marshes

A

an area of coastal grassland that is regularly flooded by seawater:

64
Q

mud flats

A

coastal wetlands that form in intertidal areas where sediments have been deposited by tides or rivers.

65
Q

polders/fenlands

A

drained marshes

66
Q

ria

A

coastlines where sea levels rise

67
Q

fiord examples

A

o Rise of sea level or crustal sinking
o Ex: new England coast; coastal uk; coastal France and spain

68
Q

barrier island examples

A

o Recently emerged coastal plain; very gradual slope
o Includes lagoons, tidal inlets, and is vulnerable to overwash
o Ex: us Atlantic and gulf coast

69
Q

delta

A

o Where major river flows into an ocean
o Ex: nile, Mississippi, tiber

70
Q

volcanic

A

o Created by lava flows; usually very rugged
o Ex: Hawai’i, California, Oregon coastlines

71
Q

coral reef

A

o Coral-marine invertebrates- secrete calcium carbonates
o Create different patterns of coral deposits depending on coastal platform characteristics
o Ex in Pacific: east coast of Australia
o Form atolls, fringing reefs, and barrier reefs

72
Q

coastlines are based on what?

A

o Geology
o Topography
o Waves and currents

73
Q

What are the 3 reef coastlines?

A

Atoll: volcano that doesn’t break the water and coral builds island
Fringing: attached to mainland
Barrier: not attached to mainland

74
Q

What are eolian landforms?

A

wind related landforms

75
Q

Deflation

A

lifting and removal of particles. “rock desert”

76
Q

Abrasion

A

sand blasting

77
Q

Sand creep

A

When sand grains collide with other grains causing them to move

78
Q

dustorms

A

a strong wind which carries clouds of fine dust, soil, and sand over a large area.

79
Q

sandstorms

A

a strong wind carrying clouds of sand with it, especially in a desert.

80
Q

Haboob

A

large dust storm

81
Q

dune

A

Where accumulation of sand shaped by wind and capable of movement over underlying ground

82
Q

What are the factors that influence dune characteristics?

A
  • wind strength
  • consistency
  • direction
  • surface shape
  • sand supply
  • wind velocity
    -vegetative cover
83
Q

Types of dunes

A
  • Barchan
  • Parabolic
  • Transverse
  • Longitudinal
  • Star
  • Foredune
84
Q

Barchan dune

A

Crescent shape, constant wind direction, limited sand supply

85
Q

Parabolic dune

A

Reverse shape of barchan; where sparse vegetative cover; creates blowout like dune in coastal areas

86
Q

Transverse dune

A

Large supply sand; constant wind direction, sinuous ridges of sand
Ex: Sahara Desert; like a sand sea

87
Q

Longitudinal Dune

A
  • Seif “Sword” dune
  • Converging winds; elongated in general direction
88
Q

Star dune

A

High central point; multiple wind directions

89
Q

Foredune

A

Narrow belt of sand landward of ocean beach

90
Q

How many millions of acres of prime agriculture are lost per year?

A

3.9-8.1

91
Q

What are the controls on soil formation?

A
  • Climate
  • Organic matter
  • Slope
  • Time
  • Parent material
  • Human
92
Q

What is a soil profile?

A

Collective horizons

93
Q

What is a horizon?

A

distinct horizontal layer

94
Q

What are the characteristics of soil?

A
  • Soil color
  • Soil texture (from SMALLEST to LARGEST: clay, silt, sand)
  • Soil structure (the way soil aggregates [granular, blocky, platy, massive])
  • Soil acidity and alkalinity (Cations: POSITIVE. eg: calcium, sodium, potassium. MORE ALKALINE. W/O Cations: MORE ACIDIC eg: aluminum and hydrogen)
95
Q

Soil temperature

A

Influence chemical processes. Usually needs to be above 41 d F.

96
Q

Soil orders

A
  • Alfisols
  • Andisols
  • Aridisols
  • Entisols
  • Gelisols
  • Inceptisols
  • Vertisols
  • Ultisols
  • Spodosols
  • Oxisols
  • Mollisols
  • Histosols
97
Q

What is the dominate soil order in Ohio?

A

Alfisols

98
Q

What are biotic communities?

A

Local association of plants and animals

99
Q

What is the principle of limiting factors?

A

Plants and animals can only tolerate a limited range of conditions (temp, food sources)

100
Q

What are the factors that influence distribution?

A

o Solar radiation
o Temperature
o Water
o Wind
o Altitude
o Fire
o Insects/parasites
o Animals
o Humans

101
Q

What is the impact of the bark beetle?

A

Significant destruction in forests out west

102
Q

What are krummholz?

A

stunted windblown trees growing near the tree line on mountains.

103
Q

What are the impacts of fire?

A

70,000 forest fires on average per year

104
Q

Where are more than half of the fires in the US?

A

The southeast

105
Q

What is ecological succession?

A

Sequence of biotic communities moving toward ecosystem stability

106
Q

What are sere-series?

A

Communities that follow one another in succession

107
Q

What are seral stages?

A

Each one of the temporary communities

108
Q

What is the pioneer stage?

A

first stage e.g. after a fire, flood, or clearing, generally hardy species which are first to colonize

109
Q

What is the climax stage

A

final stage in ecological succession- brings stability

110
Q

Structural dimensions

A

o Lifeform: tree vs shrub vs vine or herb size and stratification
o Coverage
o Periodicity: response to annual temp and ppt
o Leaf shape
o Leaf texture

111
Q

What are the major biomes?

A
  • Forest: at least 75% tree cover (under natural conditions)
  • Savanna
  • Shrubland (Mediterranean vegetation, drought tolerant)
  • Grassland
  • Desert
  • Taiga
  • Tundra
112
Q

Why is the tropical rainforest important?

A
  • Carbon sink
  • Diversity
  • Medicines
113
Q

Why are temperate forests important?

A
  • Carbon sink
  • Diversity
  • Sustainable
  • Importannt nitro/ carbon cycles
114
Q

Why are coniferous forests important?

A
  • Wildlife
  • Lumber products
  • Snowpack insolation
115
Q

Why are savannas important?

A
  • Biodiversity
  • Exotic animals
  • Migration corridor
  • Large watersheds
116
Q

Why are shrublands important?

A
  • Drought tolerant
  • Protects erosion
  • Slides
  • Stores carbon
117
Q

Why are grasslands important?

A
  • Bison
  • Agriculture
  • Biochemical cycles
  • Biodiversity
118
Q

Why are deserts important?

A
  • Saguaro
  • Minerals (gypsum, potassium, copper, bauxite, diamonds)
119
Q

Why are taigas important?

A
  • Lumber
  • Resins
  • Carbon storage
120
Q

Why are tundras important?

A
  • Lumber
  • Resins
  • Carbon storage
121
Q

What is energy?

A

the ability to do work. can change states.

122
Q

What are the different types of energy?

A

o Thermal
o Light
o Sound
o Gravitational
o Kinetic
o Electrical
o Chemical
o Nuclear

123
Q

What is renewable energy?

A

Energy resources will not run out because they can easily be regenerated (Wind, solar, water)

124
Q

What is nonrenewable energy?

A

finite amount on earth and they will eventually run out (Oil, coal, natural gas)

125
Q

Do we still use fossil fuels?

A

Yes, largely

126
Q

What two countries heavily consume energy?

A

China and the US

127
Q

What is the US’s % of wind and solar use?

A

Wind: 10%
Solar: ~5%

128
Q

Which country is the top oil country?

A

Venezuela

129
Q

Largest fossil fuel reserve

A

Coal

130
Q

Who are the top energy consuming countries PER CAPITA?

A

Canada, Russia, Saudi Arabia

131
Q

What are the producers of CO2?

A
  • Coal
  • Oil
  • Biomass
132
Q

How many barrels of oil does the US use per day?

A

18 million

133
Q

Which countries have natural gas reserves?

A
  • Russia
  • Iran
  • Qatar
  • US
134
Q

Globally, what is the % of solar and wind use?

A

Wind: 6%
Solar: 3%

135
Q

What countries have lithium reserves?

A
  • Chile
  • Australia
136
Q

What is the expected world population by 2050?

A

10 billion. Ag lands will become more marginal

137
Q

What is BRICS and its importance?

A
  • Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
  • Will become major energy users
138
Q

How many degrees will the global temperature increase?

A

3 degree C by 2100

139
Q

What are the other impacts of climate change?

A
  • Biodiversity will decrease by 10% by 2050 (sig. in Asia, Europe, and S Africa)
  • Mature forests to shrink by 13%
  • Water demand is to increase by 55%
  • App 1.4 billion people will be without basic sanitation
  • Pollution in Asia
140
Q

According to the UN’s 2022 report, what will happen if we do not mitigate climate change?

A

More fires, droughts, and severe storms

141
Q

According to the UN’s 2022 report, what will happen if we do not mitigate climate change?

A

More fires, droughts, and severe storms

Geog 1100 (1 decks)

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