exam 4 Flashcards
axis of balance?
-used in standing posture to better put our center of gravity over our base of support
- a longitudinal line runs the length of the foot from the heel to the toes
- a horizontal line divides the forefoot from the rearfoot
axis of leverage?
-when we begin to ambulate, the distribution of forces changes in the foot
- the imaginary line running the length of the foot separates the great toe from the remaining toes
Is an axis of balance static or dynamic?
static
In standing posture, we utilize an axis of _______________ to better put our center of gravity over our base of support
balance
How many balance points are in the forefoot? What is their function?
6 balance points; absorb forces and help maintain stability
What do we have at each metatarsal of the 4 toes?
a point of pressure
How many sesamoid bones does the great (big) toe have? What is their function?
2 sesamoid bones; absorb force
What kind of line runs the length of the foot from the heel to the toes? What is its function?
longitudinal line; provides an equal number of points on the foot to absorb forces and distribute balance
Where does the longitudinal line divide in a static situation?
divides directly between the 6 pressure/balance points
What kind of line divides the forefoot from the rearfoot (heel)? What is its function?
horizontal line; separates the weight equally from the front of the foot to the rear of the foot (heel)
Is an axis of leverage static or dynamic?
dynamic
When we begin to ambulate, we move to an axis of _______________ (the distribution of forces changes in the foot)
leverage
What happens to the line in an axis of leverage (ambulatory system)?
- it runs the length of the foot and separates the great toe (2 sesamoid bones) from the remaining toes (4 balance/weight distribution points)
- changes the amount of forces each weight bearing point will assume
How can various foot, knee, and hip disorders affect the normal gait pattern?
by altering the axis of balance and the axis of leverage
What is the latin name for hip?
coxa
What is the major bone focused on for the hip?
femur (distal end)
What is the latin name for knee?
genu
What is the major bone focused on for the knee?
tibia (distal end)
What is the latin name for ankle/foot?
talipes (pes)
What is the major bone focused on for the ankle/foot?
tarsals/metatarsals (distal end)
What is the latin name for great (big) toe?
hallux
What is the major bone focused on for the great (big) toe?
phalanx (distal end)
What does “Var” mean?
away from the midline
What is talipes cavus?
high arch (looks like a cave)
What is talipes equinus?
foot is permanently extended (plantar flexion) and walking is done on the toes without touching the heel to the ground
What is talipes calcaneus?
toes are pointed upward (dorsiflexion) and walking is done on the heel of the foot
What is talipes cavovarus?
high arch and the heel slants inward (inversion)
What is talipes equinovarus?
foot is adducted, points downward (plantarflexion) and inward (inversion)
What is talipes calcaneocavus?
foot is abducted, points upward (dorsiflexion), and outward (eversion)
combination of talipes calcaneus and talipes valgus
What is coxa valga?
shaft of femur faces AWAY from the midline (angle between shaft and top of femur is too great)
What is coxa vara?
shaft of femur faces TOWARD the midline (angle between head and shaft of femur is reduced)
What is genu valgum?
distal end of tibia/fibula faces AWAY from the midline
What is genu valgum also called?
knocked knees
What is genu varum?
distal end of tibia/fibula faces TOWARD the midline
What is genu varum also called?
bowed legs
What is talipes (pes) valgus?
sole faces AWAY from the midline (eversion and pronation of the foot)
What is talipes (pes) varus?
sole faces TOWARD the midline (inversion and supination of the foot)
What is hallux valgus?
distal end of great (big) toe faces AWAY from the midline
What is hallux valgus also called?
bunion
What is hallux varus?
distal end of great (big) toe faces TOWARD the midline
How is normal gait typically analyzed?
by examining the step cycle (occurs from heel strike to heel strike of the same foot)
What is the normal gait cycle?
- stance phase
- swing phase
What is the stance phase of gait?
- a period of partial or full weight bearing
- begins with heel strike
- ends when the same foot is plantar flexed in toe-off and weight is shifted to other extremity
Which phase of gait consists of 60% of the step cycle?
stance phase
What is the swing phase of gait?
- when the foot is not in contact with the ground
- begins as weight is shifted off extremity with accompanying hip and knee flexion
- ends when the knee is in full extension prior to heel strike
How is the swing phase divided?
- acceleration
- midswing
- deceleration
Which phase of gait consists of 40% of the step cycle?
swing phase
What are the components of normal gait?
- head is erect
- shoulders are level
- trunk is vertical
- base of support is 2-4 inches wide from heel to heel
- arms swing reciprocally and with equal amplitude
- steps are the same length
- vertical oscillations (rise/bounce) of the center of gravity are about 2 inches and even in tempo
What does the knee do during the step cycle of normal gait? Why?
flexes in stance (except at heel strike) to prevent excessive vertical rise in the center of gravity
What does the pelvis do during the step cycle of normal gait?
- slightly rotates in the transverse plane (4°)
- tilts in the frontal plane (5° downward)
- pelvis and trunk shift laterally 1 inch toward the supporting leg to center the body weight over the hip
- rotates forward 40° during swing and the opposite hip acts as a fulcrum for rotation
What is the average walking speed?
3 feet/second or 2-2.5 mph
