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Pe 364 exam 4 > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

axis of balance?

A

-used in standing posture to better put our center of gravity over our base of support
- a longitudinal line runs the length of the foot from the heel to the toes
- a horizontal line divides the forefoot from the rearfoot

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2
Q

axis of leverage?

A

-when we begin to ambulate, the distribution of forces changes in the foot
- the imaginary line running the length of the foot separates the great toe from the remaining toes

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3
Q

Is an axis of balance static or dynamic?

A

static

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4
Q

In standing posture, we utilize an axis of _______________ to better put our center of gravity over our base of support

A

balance

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5
Q

How many balance points are in the forefoot? What is their function?

A

6 balance points; absorb forces and help maintain stability

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6
Q

What do we have at each metatarsal of the 4 toes?

A

a point of pressure

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7
Q

How many sesamoid bones does the great (big) toe have? What is their function?

A

2 sesamoid bones; absorb force

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8
Q

What kind of line runs the length of the foot from the heel to the toes? What is its function?

A

longitudinal line; provides an equal number of points on the foot to absorb forces and distribute balance

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9
Q

Where does the longitudinal line divide in a static situation?

A

divides directly between the 6 pressure/balance points

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10
Q

What kind of line divides the forefoot from the rearfoot (heel)? What is its function?

A

horizontal line; separates the weight equally from the front of the foot to the rear of the foot (heel)

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11
Q

Is an axis of leverage static or dynamic?

A

dynamic

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12
Q

When we begin to ambulate, we move to an axis of _______________ (the distribution of forces changes in the foot)

A

leverage

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13
Q

What happens to the line in an axis of leverage (ambulatory system)?

A
  • it runs the length of the foot and separates the great toe (2 sesamoid bones) from the remaining toes (4 balance/weight distribution points)
  • changes the amount of forces each weight bearing point will assume
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14
Q

How can various foot, knee, and hip disorders affect the normal gait pattern?

A

by altering the axis of balance and the axis of leverage

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15
Q

What is the latin name for hip?

A

coxa

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16
Q

What is the major bone focused on for the hip?

A

femur (distal end)

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17
Q

What is the latin name for knee?

A

genu

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18
Q

What is the major bone focused on for the knee?

A

tibia (distal end)

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19
Q

What is the latin name for ankle/foot?

A

talipes (pes)

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20
Q

What is the major bone focused on for the ankle/foot?

A

tarsals/metatarsals (distal end)

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21
Q

What is the latin name for great (big) toe?

A

hallux

22
Q

What is the major bone focused on for the great (big) toe?

A

phalanx (distal end)

23
Q

What does “Var” mean?

A

away from the midline

24
Q

What is talipes cavus?

A

high arch (looks like a cave)

25
Q

What is talipes equinus?

A

foot is permanently extended (plantar flexion) and walking is done on the toes without touching the heel to the ground

26
Q

What is talipes calcaneus?

A

toes are pointed upward (dorsiflexion) and walking is done on the heel of the foot

27
Q

What is talipes cavovarus?

A

high arch and the heel slants inward (inversion)

28
Q

What is talipes equinovarus?

A

foot is adducted, points downward (plantarflexion) and inward (inversion)

29
Q

What is talipes calcaneocavus?

A

foot is abducted, points upward (dorsiflexion), and outward (eversion)

combination of talipes calcaneus and talipes valgus

30
Q

What is coxa valga?

A

shaft of femur faces AWAY from the midline (angle between shaft and top of femur is too great)

31
Q

What is coxa vara?

A

shaft of femur faces TOWARD the midline (angle between head and shaft of femur is reduced)

32
Q

What is genu valgum?

A

distal end of tibia/fibula faces AWAY from the midline

33
Q

What is genu valgum also called?

A

knocked knees

34
Q

What is genu varum?

A

distal end of tibia/fibula faces TOWARD the midline

35
Q

What is genu varum also called?

A

bowed legs

36
Q

What is talipes (pes) valgus?

A

sole faces AWAY from the midline (eversion and pronation of the foot)

37
Q

What is talipes (pes) varus?

A

sole faces TOWARD the midline (inversion and supination of the foot)

38
Q

What is hallux valgus?

A

distal end of great (big) toe faces AWAY from the midline

39
Q

What is hallux valgus also called?

A

bunion

40
Q

What is hallux varus?

A

distal end of great (big) toe faces TOWARD the midline

41
Q

How is normal gait typically analyzed?

A

by examining the step cycle (occurs from heel strike to heel strike of the same foot)

42
Q

What is the normal gait cycle?

A
  1. stance phase
  2. swing phase
43
Q

What is the stance phase of gait?

A
  • a period of partial or full weight bearing
  • begins with heel strike
  • ends when the same foot is plantar flexed in toe-off and weight is shifted to other extremity
44
Q

Which phase of gait consists of 60% of the step cycle?

A

stance phase

45
Q

What is the swing phase of gait?

A
  • when the foot is not in contact with the ground
  • begins as weight is shifted off extremity with accompanying hip and knee flexion
  • ends when the knee is in full extension prior to heel strike
46
Q

How is the swing phase divided?

A
  1. acceleration
  2. midswing
  3. deceleration
47
Q

Which phase of gait consists of 40% of the step cycle?

A

swing phase

48
Q

What are the components of normal gait?

A
  • head is erect
  • shoulders are level
  • trunk is vertical
  • base of support is 2-4 inches wide from heel to heel
  • arms swing reciprocally and with equal amplitude
  • steps are the same length
  • vertical oscillations (rise/bounce) of the center of gravity are about 2 inches and even in tempo
49
Q

What does the knee do during the step cycle of normal gait? Why?

A

flexes in stance (except at heel strike) to prevent excessive vertical rise in the center of gravity

50
Q

What does the pelvis do during the step cycle of normal gait?

A
  • slightly rotates in the transverse plane (4°)
  • tilts in the frontal plane (5° downward)
  • pelvis and trunk shift laterally 1 inch toward the supporting leg to center the body weight over the hip
  • rotates forward 40° during swing and the opposite hip acts as a fulcrum for rotation
51
Q

What is the average walking speed?

A

3 feet/second or 2-2.5 mph

Pe 364 exam 4 (1 decks)

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