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PS346 - Abnormal Psychology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Substance Disorders are characterized by…

A

loss of control over urges to use substances

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2
Q

Substance Disorders in DSM-5 - Psychoactive substances are taken to…

A

Have an effect on mood, behavior, congition
prevent uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms

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3
Q

Substance Disorders DSM-5 Criteria

A

Within 12-month period
larger amounts than intended, use when hazardous, craving or strong desire for drugs, tolerance increases/feeling numb, withdrawal
2-3 required for mild
4-5 moderate
6-7 severe

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4
Q

Tolerance

A

repeated use - more required to get some effect

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5
Q

Withdrawal

A

symptoms that arise due to lack of use (symptoms decrease or stop)

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6
Q

When/how is it a problem? It develops in 3 ways…

A

1) unintentionally (environment)
2) psychoactive element - side effect of medical reasons unrelated to effect
3) result of intentional use of substance (person does not acknowledge the risks if known)

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7
Q

Common liabilities model

A

combination of neuro, psych, social, factors which make someone vulnerable and suggestable/impulsive
cause problem behaviors

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8
Q

Gateway hypothesis

A

there is an entry drug - individual works up to harder drug (two factors are age and quantity)

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9
Q

Drug types

A

stimulant, depressant, opioids, hallucinogen, dissociative anesthetics

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10
Q

Stimulant and types

A

stimulates CNS
nicotine, crack, cocaine, Ritalin, amphetamines, methamphetamines, bath salts
low dose can make someone alert and energetic

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11
Q

Cocaine + Crack

A

tolerance developed quickly
smoked crack acts fast
18th century Europe, associated with Freud

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12
Q

Amphetamines

A

adderall, dexedrine, benzedrite
usually pills, prescribed for ADHD/narcolepsy
longer high
help w/depression, anxiety, fatigue

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13
Q

Methamphetamines

A

highly addictive
intense rush of pleasure
larger effect

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14
Q

MDMA (Ecstasy) - Hallucinogen

A

usually in tablet form
similar to meth
stimulant and hallucinogen
produces sense of well-being, empathy, warmth to others
abuse results in poor mood, anxiety, aggression, sleep problems
withdrawal: depression, fatigue, less appetite, less concentration

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15
Q

Dopamine Reward System - two parts

A

Nucleus accumbens + Ventral tegmental area

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16
Q

Describe dopamine reward system

A

cocaine and drugs block transporters of dopamine, therefore, it takes more drugs to get the same effect (blocks reuptake)

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17
Q

Stimulants - Psych Factors (conditioning)

A

Operant Conditioning
+ using drug is positive consequence (reinforced)
- alleviate negative state, crave relief, use drugs (reinforced)
Classical: drug cues (perephenalia, environment)
Body is more likely to prepare if it knows environment, same amount in new environmen, more likely to OD

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18
Q

Stimulants - Social Factors

A

Family relations, peer relationships, norms and perceived norms, socio-cultural factors

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19
Q

Other abused substances

A

Narcotics analgesics (opioids - heroin, codeine, morphine, oxycodone, methadone)
Hallucinogen (LSD, Marijuana)
Dissociative anesthetics (PCD + Ketamine)

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20
Q

Origin of narcotics/characteristics of narcotics

A

comes from poppy plant, inject and snort in mouth, alleviate pain, highly addictive, withdrawal within 8 hours of last dose, death can happen if taken with depressant

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21
Q

Heroin

A

opioid, euphoria and tolerance, irritability, chills, vomit, sneezing, hot flashes

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22
Q

Neuro Factors for Heroin Use

A

slows down CNS activity
decrease endorphin production

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23
Q

Hallucinogen types

A

LSD, Marijuana, Mescaline
chemically similar to serotonin

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24
Q

LSD - symptoms of use

A

alter auditory sensations and perceptions
shifting emotions
unpredictable
flashbacks and psychosis

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25
Q

Marijuana (THD) - Characteristics

A

Psychoactive effects
smoked or ingested
THC activates dopamine reward system
cognitive and motor abilities impaired
CBD is not psychoactive
harmful effects vary person to person
schizophrenia is a potential risk factor of prolonged extreme Marijuana use

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26
Q

Neuro Factors - Marijuana

A

THC chemically similar to cannabinoids (which activate dopamine reward system)

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27
Q

Treating substance abuse disorders (two ways)

A

Abstinence and harm reduction

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28
Q

Abstinence

A

Alcoholics Anonymous
relapse rates 60%
meds to minimize withdrawal - block the high feeling

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29
Q

Harm Reduction

A

try to reduce harm to individual and society from abuse and dependence
People will use anyway, lets make it safer for them
safe needles rather than unsafe exchange
controlling drinking or drug use, but in a safe environment

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30
Q

Detoxification

A

Neurological treatment - medical supervision discontinuation of substance use)

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31
Q

Medication

A

Neurological treatment - interfere with pleasant effects of drugs

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32
Q

Treatment for Addiction - Psychological

A

Motivational Interviewing - boost patients motivation to decrease or stop use of drugs
goals and behavior adjusted
based on stage of change

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33
Q

Precontemplation

A

Not me

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34
Q

Contemplation

A

maybe I have an issue

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35
Q

Preparation

A

Ok, what now, I am unsure

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36
Q

Action

A

Lets do this

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37
Q

Maintenance

A

It is possible

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38
Q

CBT

A

cognitive behavioral therapy

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39
Q

Twelve Step Facilitation

A

like AA, but led by licensed counselors/professionals

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40
Q

Other options

A

residential treatment, family therapy, day programs, community treatment, AA and NA

41
Q

What are personality disorders?

A

can date back to adolescence
psych disorders characterized by inflexible and maladaptive thought, feelings, behaviors, from situations that lead to distress or dysfunction
DIFFERENT from norm or culture
30% of those with PD commit suicide

42
Q

Assessing Personality Disorders (4 ways)

A

1) Clinical interview
2) Collateral info from family members
3) consider culture, ethnicity, racial background
4) personality inventories: MCMI-3, MMPI-2, PAI

43
Q

DSM-5 for Personality Disorder

A

Enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture.
Two or more of the following areas: cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, impulse control

44
Q

PD Cluster A - Odd/Eccentric PD - 3 ways of thinking

A

paranoid: pervasive, mistrust, bias toward hostile motives of others
schizoid: restricted range of emotions, few or no relationships, lack social skills, passive reactions
schizotypal: characteristics of paranoid and schizoid symptoms.
Cog/perception: magical paranoid ideation,
interpersonal symptoms such as social anxiety
disorganized symptoms: odd speech and behavior

45
Q

PD Cluster B - Dramatic/Erratic PD how many are there?

A

4

46
Q

Cluster B - Antisocial PD

A

persistent disregard for rights of others
violate rules or laws, lie, hurt others
act impulsively, put self and others in harms way
often conduct disorder in childhood

47
Q

Cluster B - Histrionic PD

A

dramatic attention-seeking behavior + exaggerated emotions
seeking out novelty and excitement
patients have poor insight into their symptoms
easily and excessively frustrated by life’s challenges
delayed gratification

48
Q

Cluster B - Narcissistic PD

A

Inflated sense of importance, lack empathy, excessive desire to be admired
overvalue themselves - undervalue people who disappoint them
insensitive to others feelings and points of view

49
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder DSM-5

A

pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects. Marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood in a variety of contexts as indicated by FIVE or more of the following:
frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships (alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation)
identity disturbance
impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging
recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, threats
affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood
chronic feelings of emptiness
inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger
transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms.

50
Q

PD Cluster C - Fearful/Anxious PD - how many?

A

3

51
Q

Avoidant PD

A

extreme social inhibition - feeling inadequate, overly sensitive to negative evaluation
shy, isolated, lonely, timid, low quality of life
hypervigilant for criticism/rejection
concerned about embarrassment

52
Q

Dependent PD

A

submissive and clingy behaviors, fear separation
clingy: chronic pattern of helplessness - elicit reassurance
chronic self-doubt - underestimate abilities
limited social circle
other person takes initiative

53
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive PD

A

preoccupied w/perfectionism, orderliness, self-control
decision making is long and painful
formal + serious relationships
overly conscientious

54
Q

Psych factors underlying PD

A

operant conditioning
histrionic: attention from parents when exaggerating/performing
antisocial: AFP when child acts out
develop maladaptive or faulty beliefs self-fulfill prophecy
BPD: spouse will leave me - hypervigilance

55
Q

Social factors underlying PD

A

attachment style
secure: view of worth and availability of others is positive
insecure: view of worth and availability of others is negative

56
Q

Treating PD: General Issues

A

less likely to seek treatment - deeply ingrained (not dys)
if treatment sought: difficult to address
ingrained - poor motivation for change
medications: antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers
Psych treatment: CBT, family therapy, group therapy,

57
Q

Treatment for BPD

A

Dialectal Behavior Therapy
mindfulness, emotional regulation, distress tolerance and acceptance, accept what cannot change

58
Q

Insomnia DSM-5

A

trouble falling and staying asleep 3 nights/week for 3 months not caused by drugs or other sleep-wake disorders

59
Q

Hypersomnia DSM-5

A

excessive sleep despite 7+ hours. Lapsing sleep of around 9+ hours per day, not feeling rested, 3 nights/week for 3 months or longer not caused by drugs or other sleep-wake disorder

60
Q

Narcolepsy DSM-5

A

uncontrollable need for sleep during day; 3 nights/week for 3 months or longer not drug related. Low levels of NT hypocretin-1 decreased REM, may involve cataplexy/muscle weakness

61
Q

Parasomnia DSM-5 - Non-REM sleep arousal disorder

A

partial awakening in first third of sleep, sleepwalking or sleep terrors

62
Q

Parasomnia DSM-5 - REM sleep behavior disorder

A

arousal w/talking or physical movement

63
Q

Parasomnia DSM-5 - Nightmare disorder

A

repeated vivid and upsetting dreams in second half of sleep

64
Q

Breathing related sleep disorders

A

sleep apnea types: central, obstructive hypopnea, hypoventilation

65
Q

Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders

A

delayed and advanced sleep phases, irregular, non-24 hour, shift-work

66
Q

Restless leg syndrome

A

irresistible desire to move one’s legs when resting

67
Q

Sleep disturbances - historical perspective

A

caveman - fetal position in pits by cave walls
egypt - revered near death feel of sleep
romans - less focus on sleep
middle ages - people huddle, not comfy
renaissance - more focus on comfort
before nighttime was invented, people sleep, wake up and do stuff, then go back to sleep

68
Q

Sleep Cycle

A

Awake - REM - non-rem (1-3)

69
Q

Sleep disturbances - psych perspective and treatments

A

psychodynamic - meaning of dreams and their function
CBT for Insomnia
stimulus control therapy
sleep restriction therapy
sleep hygiene education
cognitive therapy
relaxation training

70
Q

Sleep disturbances - sociocultural perspective

A

social inequality and social justice
- reduced pay, workplace inequality, wp stress > predict inadequate sleep
sleep loss: inequality based not mental disorder

71
Q

Enuresis DSM-5

A

unintentionally or intentionally urinates in bed in clothes for 2/week for 3 months, not caused by drugs, 5 years old or equivalent developmental level

72
Q

Encopresis DSM-5

A

bowel movements in inappropriate places once/month for 3 months
4 years old or equivalent developmental level

73
Q

Intellectual Disability DSM-5

A

intellectual deficits
adaptive functioning deficits
onset - early development
(mild, moderate, severe, profound)

74
Q

Learning Disorders DSM-5

A

difficulty learning/academic skill
one or more symptoms of academic difficulty
develops in school years

75
Q

Motor Disorders DSM-5 - Developmental coordination disorder

A

poor motor skills that are lower than expected for one’s age

76
Q

Motor Disorders DSM-5 - stereotypical movements disorder

A

repetitive and purposeless motor behavior (early development)
injury or non-injury behavior

77
Q

Motor Disorders DSM-5 - tic disorders

A

abrupt/repetitive motor or vocal impairments
(tic, chronic, tourette’s)

78
Q

Communication Disorder DSM-5 - speech/sound disorder

A

disorder involving difficulty producing speech and sounds

79
Q

Communication Disorder DSM-5 - language

A

disorder involving difficulty acquiring, learning, and using language properly

80
Q

Communication Disorder DSM-5 - stuttering

A

disorder involving repeated sounds or syllables, extending vowels or consonants

81
Q

Biological Perspective - communication/stuttering

A

dopamine hypothesis of stuttering
stuttering - excessive dopamine in basal ganglia
antipsychotic drugs reduce dopamine prescribed
stimulants as well increase dopamine

82
Q

Psych Perspective - communication

A

CBT for stutter
- manage stutter anxiety
- negative thought patterns examined
- not much research evidence for this
Lidcombe Program - behavior therapy
- stage 1: appointment at speech clinic, parents rate severity of stutter, positively reinforce good speech
- stage 2: teach contingency management skills more, visit speech clinic less often

83
Q

Constructivist therapy + stutter relapse

A

meaningful understanding of self and the world
fluent in core constructions of self
narrative therapy

84
Q

Delirium DSM-5

A

disturbed attention to and awareness of environment
develops over short period of time (hours or days) changes throughout the day
disrupted cognition

85
Q

Dementia DSM-5

A

major and mild types
attention, language, perception, learning, memory, executive function impacted

86
Q

Suicide

A

act of completing the ending of one’s life/self harm
common methods are drug overdoses, guns, hanging, pesticides, etc.

87
Q

Suicidal ideation

A

thoughts of suicide, does not mean that there is a psych disorder or acute risk of suicide attempt
10-18% of general population has suicidal thoughts
30% thoughts + conceived plan

88
Q

Suicide - risk factors

A

hopeless, no job, chronic stress and impulsivity, loss of something (support or something important)

89
Q

Suicide - protective factors

A

married, kids under 18, support system, problem-solving skills

90
Q

Suicide prevention (4 key things)

A

suicide prevention counseling
- trained counselor or volunteer talk individuals “off the ledge”
no suicide contracts
- ask clients to explicitly state they won’t complete suicide (is this simply coercion?
method of suicide restriction
- access to common methods made difficult
hospitalization
- involuntary commitment (it’ll be good for them)

91
Q

Why do we need ethics?

A

therapists are human, ethics provide accountability

92
Q

Ethical issues to consider

A

therapist competence
client welfare
confidentiality
informed consent
dual relationships
sexual relationships

93
Q

Limits to confidentiality

A

patient permission to violate
reasonable cause to suspect child abuse
reasonable cause to suspect intent to harm self or others
records subpoenaed by court

94
Q

Dangerousness of patient

A

severity, imminence, frequency, probability

95
Q

Duty to warn

A

Tarasoff Rule - protect potential victims who are in imminent danger (think Gabby Gifford)

96
Q

After crime: competent to stand trial?

A

defendant must:
understand proceedings
understand facts and legal options
consults with his/her lawyer
assists lawyer in building defense
all-or-nothing standard

97
Q

APA Ethics Code (5 principles)

A

Beneficence and nonmaleficence
fidelity/responsibility
integrity
justice
respect for people’s rights and dignity

98
Q

APA Ethics Code (10 standards)

A

1 Resolving Ethical Issues
 2- Competence
 3- Human Relations
 4- Privacy and Confidentiality
 5- Advertising and Other Public Statements
 6- Record Keeping and Fees
 7- Education and Training
 8- Research and Publication
 9- Assessment
 10- Therapy

PS346 - Abnormal Psychology (2 decks)

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