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ASNB 502 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

-move through environment
-manipulate the external world
-maintain posture/balance
-autonomic e.g. respiration, GI
-speech/gestures/writing
-sensation-saccades

A

diverse functions of the motor systems

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2
Q

4 interactive subsystems to make essential and distinct contributions

A
  1. spinal cord and brainstem circuits 2. descending modulatory pathways 3. cerebellum 4. basal ganglia
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3
Q

A neuron located in the brainstem or spinal cord which projects to skeletal muscle. Comprise “final common path” (sherrington). Damage can result in hypoactive reflexes and decreased tone

A

Lower motor neuron

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4
Q

A neuron with a cell body in the motor cortex or medulla that projects (sends long axon) to lower motor neurons in the medulla or spinal cord. Direct or indirectly. Damage to upper motor neurons can result in spasticity and exaggerated reflexes.

A

Upper motor neuron

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5
Q

Spinal cord can program and coordinate __________ motor patterns

A

simple and complex

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6
Q

Alpha motor neuron, its axon and the muscle cell it innervates

A

motor unit

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7
Q

-small motor unit=small alpha motor neuron and few fibers
-small forces. fatigue resistant
-red fibers (high # mitochondria and vascularity)
-sustained muscular activity (posture)

A

S (slow) motor units (smallest)

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8
Q

-large motor unit= large alpha motor neuron and many fibers
-greater force, easily fatigued
-pale fibers (fewer mito and vascules)
-brief but big exertions requiring large forces (jump, run)

A

FF (fast fatigable) motor units (largest)

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9
Q

-intermediate size motor unit
-not as fatigable as FF units
-2x force of S units

A

FR (fast fatigue resistant) motor units (middle in size)

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10
Q

γ bias or gain refers to force required to generate a response to a given intrafusal fiber stretch
-with high gain a small stretch increases # of alpha mn recruited, their firing rate resulting in greater tension. If gain is low, greater stretch required for same result
-can be adjusted by local reflex circuitry and UMN pathways
-adjusted to meet task demands

A

γ motor neurons (role in spindle response)

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11
Q

-located at junction of muscle and tendon
-series of arrangement with extrafusal fibers
-1b afferents
-very sensitive to muscle contraction
-negative feedback system (inhibitory)
-maintain muscle force
-can be influenced by other input sources (motor neurons in spinal cord)

A

golgi tendon organ

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12
Q

musculoskeletal system, feedback systems

A

mechanoreceptors

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13
Q

intrafusal fiber, length detector, la II afferents, γ mn

A

spindle

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14
Q

extrafusal/striated fiber
-force tension detector
-very sensitive to contraction
-1b afferents

A

GTO

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15
Q

-several synapses
-painful stimuli
-excites ipsilateral flexors
-reciprocal inhibition of ipsilateral extensors

A

flexion reflex

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16
Q

-several synapses
-painful stimuli
-opposite reaction in contralateral limb
-postural support during withdrawal

A

crossed extension reflex

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17
Q

neuronal circuits when activated can produce rhythmic motor patterns such as walking, breathing, flying, and swimming in the absence of sensory or descending inputs that carry specific timing information (locations: spinal cord, brainstem, and ganglia
-no motor neuron, only interneurons

A

central pattern generators

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18
Q

-small group of ~30 moto-and interneurons controlling muscles of the gut
-defined subsets essential for 2 rhythmic movements (1 food grinding 2 propel food into hindgut…pyloric movement)

A

lobster stomatogastric ganglion

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19
Q

-distributed, coupled by a variety of circuitries, importance L2/3
-newborn stepping prior to myelination of descending CST
-evidence less direct
-locomotor-like electromyographic activity can be induced in paralyzed lower limb muscles in human by stimulation to peripheral receptors

A

human CPG for locomotion

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20
Q

LMN damage, paralysis, areflexia, loss of muscle tone, atrophy, fibrillations and fascillations

A

lower motor neuron syndrome

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21
Q

cough, knee jerk, involuntary
-few muscle groups, highly stereotyped, graded with simulus. “local sign”–dependent upon site of stimulation

A

reflex

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22
Q

walking, swimming, scratching, chewing
-several muscle groups around limb/joint, relatively stereotyped, not necessarily graded with stimulus intensity (repetitive)

A

rhythmic movement

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23
Q

speech, manipulating objects
-goal directed, highly modifiable, does not need external input to initiate

A

voluntary movement

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24
Q

defined as the time between stimulus presentation and initiation of a response.
varies with: neural conduction distance dependent on many synapses and modality of stimulus
-voluntary reaction times > reflex responses, visual (~150-180 ms), proprioceptive input (~80-120 ms), stretch reflex (~40 ms)

A

reaction time

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25
Q

-brainstem motor centers
-vestibular nuclei, reticular formation, superior colliculus
-balance, posture, orient gaze

A

vestibulospinal tracts

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26
Q

terminates bilaterally, neck mm reflex (semicircular), CN III, IV, VI, fixed gaze or vestibulo-ocular reflex

A

m.VST

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27
Q

limb extensors (balance) stays ipsilateral

A

I.VST

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28
Q

functions: cardiovascular, respiratory, sensory motor reflexes, eye movement coordination, sleep-wake cycle, coordination of limb and trunk movements

A

reticulospinal tract/pathway

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29
Q

the motor cortex can influence movement through direct and indirect connections

A

indirect pathways

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30
Q

CST to spinal cord mediates

A

distal limb movement

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31
Q

motor cortex to ReST to spinal cord mediates

A

proximal muscle for postural control

32
Q

has parallel direct and indirect connections to coordinate eye and head movements

A

superior colliculus

33
Q

-servo-control, specifies desired state
-closed loop system, reflex
-moment-to-moment
-proactive strategy
-initiated by sensory inputs
-vestibular nuclei is postural disturbances requiring responses

A

feedback control

34
Q

-direct eminent perturbations
-anticipation
-open loop system
-specifies response
-proactive strategy
-rapid
-reticular formation

A

feedforward control

35
Q

age 2 or older, not normal, could indicate spinal cord injury
fanning of toes up

A

babinski reflex

36
Q

rhythmic, sustained, involuntary muscular contractions (5-8 Hz) evoked by sudden passive stretch of the muscle and tendon
-induced by sudden stretch
-alternate involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation in rapid succession
-strong deep tendon reflex that occurs when the CNS fails to inhibit it

A

clonus

37
Q

Circuitry inputs in the basal ganglia
-cortical and thalamic

A

inputs are excitatory

38
Q

Circuitry inputs in the basal ganglia
-substantia nigra pars compacta

A

inputs are excitatory or inhibitory

39
Q

Circuitry outputs in the basal ganglia
where does the major output originate?

A

GPi principle target is thalamus

40
Q

Circuitry outputs in the basal ganglia
how does the striatum project to thalamus:

A

directly via projections to Gpi
indirectly via GPe-to-subthalamic nucleus- to GPi
striatal, GPi, and Gpe neurons are inhibitory

41
Q

Circuitry outputs in the basal ganglia
subthalamic nucleus and thalamus

A

outputs are excitatory

42
Q

direct pathway of the basal ganglia

A

inhibits BG output, increases movement + glu, excitatory; -GABA, inhibitory

43
Q

Indirect pathway of the basal ganglia

A

increases BG output, inhibits movement

44
Q

The BG circuits are uncrossed meaning

A

the right BG will affect the right motor cortex (vice versa) but because the right motor cortex controls left body, right BG affects movements on the left side of the body

45
Q

The bg circuits use multiple neurotransmitters

A

glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine, dopamine

46
Q

In hemiballismus (characterized by dyskinesia unintentional movements)

A

direct pathway that increases activity of the thalamus is unopposed, movement increases

47
Q

hypokinetic disorder, akinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra

A

parkinson’s disease (DA excites the direct pathway and inhibits indirect pathway, direct path less active in PD but subthalamic nucleus is more active in PD

48
Q

links the CNS to a gland, internal organ or blood vessel. =autonomic nervous system

A

visceral motor system

49
Q

output from the CNS in the visceral motor system is to

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or glands

50
Q

each division of the visceral motor system (autonomic system) is

A

a TWO neuron MOTOR system with preganglionic and postganglionic neurons–>these ganglia have synapses

51
Q

3 types of autonomic ganglia in the motor system
paravertebral ganglia… CNS

A

(sympathetic trunk ganglia) on either side of the spinal cord and run the full length
-innervate smooth muscle and glands in body wall,limbs

52
Q

3 types of autonomic ganglia in the motor system
prevertebral ganglia… CNS

A

anterior parts of the vertebral column, house post ganglia neurons
-close to major abdominal arteries
-used only for synapses of the sympathetic division of the ANS
-innervate targets within the body wall

53
Q

3 types of autonomic ganglia in the motor system
intramural ganglia…

A

(terminal ganglia) PNS synapse
-located within the wall or close to the effector organ
-innervate targets in thorax, abdomen and pelvis

54
Q

Preganglionic cell bodies for sympathetic division of the ANS are localized in the

A

intermediolateral grey horn (cell column) of the spinal cord from segments T1-L2 ONLY
-all go through the paravertebral ganglia

55
Q

-____________synapses in the sympathetic ganglion at that level (immediately)

A

preganglionic fiber (sympathetic)

56
Q

_______ enters the ventral (or dorsal) ramus via the ______

A

postganglionic fiber; grey ramus communicans

57
Q

_____ extends from the base of the skull to the base of the coccyx
-function: distribute postganglionic. sympathetic innervation throughout the body since preganglionic cell bodies are only found in T1-L2

A

sympathetic trunk

58
Q

______ are found at every vertebral level that exhibits a sympathetic ganglion i.e. how we get back into the spinal nerve

A

gray rami (more than white rami)

59
Q

_______ input sympathetic innervation and restricted to T1-L2 where the sympathetic cell bodies are located i.e. how to get back into the spinal nerve

A

white rami

60
Q

the ________ ascends or descends within the sympathetic truck to synapse in the __________ at the level other than that at which it entered the trunk

A

preganglionic fiber; sympathetic division

61
Q

the preganglionic fiber passes through the sympathetic ganglionic via the ________ to a prevertebral autonomic ganglion where it _____

A

splanchnic nerve; synapses

62
Q

-increased heart rate
-increased blood pressure
-pupil dilation
-increased sweating
-bronchial dilation
-decreased gut motility
-relax bladder

A

functions of sympathetic division (fight or flight)
-preganglionic nt: acetylcholine
-postganglionic nt: norepinephrine

63
Q

cell bodies for the preganglionic PNS division are localized in the __________ and spinal cord segments ______

A

nuclei of the brain stem (cranial nn); S2-4

64
Q

the preganglionic PNS fiber travels out via ______ (from brain stem nuclei) and by _______ from the sacral cord levels

A

cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X; pelvic splanchnic nn

65
Q

below the head the preganglionic PNS fiber synapses in parasympathetic _______

A

intramural ganglia

66
Q

Cranial outflow emerges from the brainstem
preganglionic NEURONS located in __________ in the brainstem

A

cranial nerve nuclei

67
Q

Cranial outflow emerges from the brainstem
preganglionic FIBERS are carried by oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X) innervate

A

organs of the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen

68
Q

Sacral outflow emerges from S2-S4
preganglionic NEURONS located in _______

A

lateral horn of spinal gray matter

69
Q

Sacral outflow emerges from S2-S4
preganglionic FIBERS carried by pelvic splanchnic nerves to

A

innervate organs of the pelvis and lower abdomen

70
Q

-decreased heart rate
-pupil constriction
-decreased sweating
-bronchial constriction
-increased gut motility
-contracts bladder

A

functions of parasympathetic (rest and digest)

71
Q

these neurons carry sensory information (distension, pain) from viscera to the CNS
-located in spinal/dorsal root ganglion

A

visceral afferents

72
Q

-located in spinal/dorsal root ganglion

A

visceral afferents

73
Q

damage to lateral portion of the medulla

A

wallenberg’s syndrome

74
Q

what signs would you expect from damage to descending autonomic fibers to the intermediolateral cell column

A

sympathetic NS, constricted pupil that can damage descending axons

75
Q

loss of pain and temperature sensations for the ipsilateral face and contralateral body

A

lateral medullary syndrome

76
Q

damage to the descending fibers from the hypothalamus to the intermediolateral cell column, ipsilateral damage
-constricts the pupil (miosis, same side)
-ptosis (drooping of eye lid, same side)
-anhidrosis (lack of sweating, same side)

A

horner’s syndrome

ASNB 502 (2 decks)

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