Exam 4

Question 1

What is Conditioning

Answer 1

Conditioning or ( Conditioned) is a learned behavior.

Question 2

What is Unconditioned

Answer 2

Unconditioned is an unearned behavior

Question 3

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 3

a stimulus that naturally causes a response, do not need to learn this ( unconditioned)

Question 4

Unconditioned response

Answer 4

An unlearned response

Question 5

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 5

unnatural response, a stimulus you have to learn to respond to.

Question 6

Conditioned response

Answer 6

A learned response

Question 7

Who is Ivan Pavlov

Answer 7

Ivan pavlov is a Russian experimentalist that tested the concept of conditioned reflex.

Question 8

Pavlov’s view

Answer 8

Acquisition- first time a conditioned response happpens

• Extinction- the conditioned response dies when unconditioned stimulus does not follow conditioned stimulus, conditioned response dies.
  ( spontaneous recovery)

Question 9

Generalization

Answer 9

responding to other stimuli, responding to the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 10

What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning

Answer 10

Classical conditioning involves learning based on associations, and operant conditioning involves learning based on consequences.

Question 11

positive reinforcement

Answer 11

the introduction of a desirable or pleasant stimulus after a behavior.

Question 12

positive punishment

Answer 12

when you add a consequence to unwanted behavior.

Question 13

negative reinforcement

Answer 13

occurs when something unpleasant or uncomfortable is removed or taken away in order to increase the likelihood of the desired behavior.

Question 14

negative punishment

Answer 14

remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.
Ex1.Losing privileges, being fined for violating the law, being grounded

Question 15

how are pavlov and skinner different

Answer 15

Pavlov’s theory focused more on how behavior can be affected by specific stimuli while Skinner focused more on what occurs after a behavior. Skinner’s research and study was centered on what happens after a behavior and the consequences from such an action.

Question 16

examples of operant and classical conditioning

Answer 16

While classical conditioning is training dogs to salivate to the sound of a metronome, operant conditioning is training them to sit by giving them a treat when they do.

Question 17

what is shaping and how does it happen

Answer 17

Shaping is the use of reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior. Specifically, when using a shaping technique, each approximate desired behavior that is demonstrated is reinforced, while behaviors that are not approximations of the desired behavior are not reinforced.

Question 18

fundamental attribution error

Answer 18

The fundamental attribution error refers to an individual’s tendency to attribute another’s actions to their character or personality, while attributing their behavior to external situational factors outside of their control.

Question 19

what is conformity, and how did Solomon Asch show it

Answer 19

The experiments revealed the degree to which a person’s own opinions are influenced by those of a group. Asch found that people were willing to ignore reality and give an incorrect answer in order to conform to the rest of the group.

Question 20

how did Stanley milligram experiment on obedience work and what was proved

Answer 20

In the Milgram experiment, obedience was measured by the level of shock that the participant was willing to deliver. While many of the subjects became extremely agitated, distraught, and angry at the experimenter, they nevertheless continued to follow orders all the way to the end.

Question 21

self service bias

Answer 21

he self-serving bias is the tendency people have to seek out information and use it in ways that advance their self-interest.

Question 22

matching hypothesis

Answer 22

The matching hypothesis in social psychology claims that people are more likely to form a committed relationship with someone equally attractive.

Question 23

elaboration likelihood model

Answer 23

The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (ELM) is essentially a theory about the thinking processes that might occur when we attempt to change a person’s attitude through communication, the different effects that particular persuasion variables play within these processes, and the strength of the judgements.

Question 24

group polarization

Answer 24

“members of a deliberating group move toward a more extreme point in whatever direction is indicted by the members’ predeliberation tendency.” Group polarization leads to changing attitudes among individuals within the group.

Question 25

the difference between implicit and explicit attitudes. how does the test work.

Answer 25

An explicit attitude is the kind of attitude that you deliberately think about and report. For example, you could tell someone whether or not you like math. Implicit attitudes are positive and negative evaluations that are much less accessible to our conscious awareness and/or control.