Exam 4 Flashcards
What is Conditioning
Conditioning or ( Conditioned) is a learned behavior.
What is Unconditioned
Unconditioned is an unearned behavior
Unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that naturally causes a response, do not need to learn this ( unconditioned)
Unconditioned response
An unlearned response
Conditioned stimulus
unnatural response, a stimulus you have to learn to respond to.
Conditioned response
A learned response
Who is Ivan Pavlov
Ivan pavlov is a Russian experimentalist that tested the concept of conditioned reflex.
Pavlov’s view
Acquisition- first time a conditioned response happpens
- Extinction- the conditioned response dies when unconditioned stimulus does not follow conditioned stimulus, conditioned response dies.
( spontaneous recovery)
Generalization
responding to other stimuli, responding to the unconditioned stimulus.
What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning
Classical conditioning involves learning based on associations, and operant conditioning involves learning based on consequences.
positive reinforcement
the introduction of a desirable or pleasant stimulus after a behavior.
positive punishment
when you add a consequence to unwanted behavior.
negative reinforcement
occurs when something unpleasant or uncomfortable is removed or taken away in order to increase the likelihood of the desired behavior.
negative punishment
remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.
Ex1.Losing privileges, being fined for violating the law, being grounded
how are pavlov and skinner different
Pavlov’s theory focused more on how behavior can be affected by specific stimuli while Skinner focused more on what occurs after a behavior. Skinner’s research and study was centered on what happens after a behavior and the consequences from such an action.
examples of operant and classical conditioning
While classical conditioning is training dogs to salivate to the sound of a metronome, operant conditioning is training them to sit by giving them a treat when they do.
what is shaping and how does it happen
Shaping is the use of reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior. Specifically, when using a shaping technique, each approximate desired behavior that is demonstrated is reinforced, while behaviors that are not approximations of the desired behavior are not reinforced.
fundamental attribution error
The fundamental attribution error refers to an individual’s tendency to attribute another’s actions to their character or personality, while attributing their behavior to external situational factors outside of their control.
what is conformity, and how did Solomon Asch show it
The experiments revealed the degree to which a person’s own opinions are influenced by those of a group. Asch found that people were willing to ignore reality and give an incorrect answer in order to conform to the rest of the group.
how did Stanley milligram experiment on obedience work and what was proved
In the Milgram experiment, obedience was measured by the level of shock that the participant was willing to deliver. While many of the subjects became extremely agitated, distraught, and angry at the experimenter, they nevertheless continued to follow orders all the way to the end.
self service bias
he self-serving bias is the tendency people have to seek out information and use it in ways that advance their self-interest.
matching hypothesis
The matching hypothesis in social psychology claims that people are more likely to form a committed relationship with someone equally attractive.
elaboration likelihood model
The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (ELM) is essentially a theory about the thinking processes that might occur when we attempt to change a person’s attitude through communication, the different effects that particular persuasion variables play within these processes, and the strength of the judgements.
group polarization
“members of a deliberating group move toward a more extreme point in whatever direction is indicted by the members’ predeliberation tendency.” Group polarization leads to changing attitudes among individuals within the group.
