Exam 4 Flashcards
Function of the Reproductive System
Produce offspring (continue the existence of the species)
Males and Females produce sperm
MALE
Get sperm to egg (oocyte) , ensure the survival of the offspring
MALE
Houses testes; temperature control
SCROTUM
provide nerve/blood
Spermatic cord
move testis to/from the body
Cremaster Muscle
Move testis to/from each other
Dartos Muscle
Produce sperm & hormones
Testis
Sperm production (meiosis); almost continuous from puberty to death. Approximately 300 million per day.
Seminiferous Tubule
Testosterone production
Leydig Cells
Inhibin Production
Sertoli Cells
Tube network to connect seminiferous tubule to epididymis
Rete Testis
Both mitotic and meiotic
Spermatogonia
conduct mitosis and one cell becomes primary spermatocyte (Meiotic)
Spermatogonia
Ends with two secondary spermatocytes
Meiosis I
Ends with four spermatids
Meiosis II
(In testis sperm formation) During movement into epididymis and during storage
spermatid tail develops forming sperm
Stores sperm, allows sperm to mature
EPididymis
Transport sperm from rete testis into head of epididymis
Efferent Ducts
Connects epididymis to Ejaculatory Duct; Transports sperm toward urethra
Vas Deferens
Junction of the vas deferens and seminal vesicle (located in the prostate gland)
Ejaculatory Duct
Accessory glands produce what???
Produce Semen
Produces 60% of semen (contains fructose; high pH)
Seminal vesicle
25% of semen (contains enzymes to maximize sperm mobility)
Prostate Gland
15% of semen (contains mucous for lubrication; high pH, often releases fluids before ejaculation-orgasm)
Bubourethral gland
Semen (During ejaculation, approx. ( ) of semen is released
2.5-5.0
Allows penetration in vagina for sperm release
Penis
contrains erectile tissue
Penis
Increased size, rigidity during reproduction ; decreased size, flexibility for protection when not reproducing
Erectile tissue
functions with urinary system for waster removal (urethra transports sperm and urine
Penis
Urethra transports what???
Sperm and urine
what controls inflow and outflow of blood
Sphinecters
Increase inflow, decrease outflow
Erection
superior portion of penis, two lateral structures, at proximal end, form crus of penis (point of attachment of the body)
Corpi Cavernosa
Inferior portion of penis, at proximal end, forms bulb of penis; at distal end, forms glans penis
Corpus Spongiosum
Swollen distal portion containing many sensory neuron endings
Glans
Folded integument around glans for protection
Prepuce
Sperm remains in epididymis until arousal
Sperm transport
DUring arousal,
sperm travels through vas deferens to ejaculatory duct
if no ejaculation
sperm dies and is washed out during urination
Ejaculation forces sperm
out of penis
Produced by Antier Pituitary Gland, stimulates sperm production
Follicle-stimulating Hormone
Produced by Anterior Pituitary Gland, stimulates testesterone production
Lutenizing Hormone
Produced by Leydig cells in testes, stimulates development of secondary sex traits
Testosterone
Produced by Sertoli cells in testes
Inhibin
Produced when sperm levels increase in seminiferious tubules
Inhibin
Shuts off follicle-stimulating hormone
Inhibin
Male Secondary Sex Traits
Increase muscle/bone development deeper voice increase hair growth broadens pectoral girdle (shoulders) Increase oil/sweat production stimulates aggressive behavior increases libido
Female function of Reproductive System
Produce eggs (oocyte)
provide for embryo growth
ensure the survival of the offspring
Function of Ovary
Produce ova and hormones
Outer region, contains follicles
Ovarian corte
inner region, contains blood vessels, nerves
Ovarian medulla
simple cuboidal epithelium covering ovary
Germinal epithelium
Fibrous connective tissue protecting ovary
Tunica Abuginea
Egg production
produced by meiosis in follicles
Oogonia are
both mitotic and meiotic
Androgens converted to estrogen and proogresterone
Post-Menopause
Onset varies (35-60 yo), not dependent upon births
Menopause
Ovaries fail to respond to FSH and LH
Menopause
Day 1-5 (uterine cycle)
Menustration
day 2-28 (uterine cycle)
Development of new endometrium
Removal of old endometrium (uterine cycle)
Menustration
if pregnancy occurs (day 20)
implantation of embryo
Increase FSH causes follicular dvlpment, several hundred primordial become primary then secondary…. one or 2-3 become graafian (ovarian cycle)
DAY 1-13
Ovulation of secondary oocyte from Graafian follicle
Day 14
Corpus hemorrhagcum becomes corpus luteum, apoptosis (deteriation) of underdeveloped follicles
DAy 15
Corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans
Day 26-28
day 1-13 hormonal cycle
increase fsh cause increase estrogen
increase estrogen decrease fsh
decrease fsh causes decrease estrogen
spike in LH and FSh
day 14 of hormonal cycle
produced by ovaries, causes dilation of uterus
relaxin
produced by ovaries, shuts off follicle stimulating hormone, minor function in female due to activity of estrogen
Inhibin
produced by ovaries, shuts off follicle stimulating hormone, minor function in female due to activity of estrogen
Inhibin
produced by corpus luteum
progesterone
produced by ovaries, stimulates decrease in fsh production, development of secondary sex traits
estrogen
produced by anterior pituaitary gland, stimulates ovulation
Lutenizing hormone
follicle stimulating hormones
produced by anterior pitautiry gland, stimulates follicle dvlpment, estrogen production
excrete milk
mammae(nipples)
darkened skin surrounding mammae
areola
production of milk
mammary glands
modified suboriferous gland, produce milk
alveoli
transport milk
lactiferous duct
store milk
lactiferous sinuses
Production of milk for offspring (may function for biolofical attraction of mate
Breasts
production of fluids for lubrication
glands
erectile tissue at base of vagina
vestibular bulb
adipose protection near pubic sympysis
mons pubis
protection from infection
labia majora
protection from infection, stimulation during intercourse
labia minora
stimulation during intercoarse
clitoris
lubrication during intercourse, allow sperm access, sexual response
Vulva
anterior/posterior pouches (blind at in interior end
fornix
partial to complete extension of muscosa covering external opening
hymen
lining folded into rugae to
increase surface area
allow penetration of penis for sperm deposition, lubrication during intercourse, becomes birth canal
Vagina
mucosal lining of uterus
Endometrium
permanent basal layer
stratum basalis
deciduous layer
stratum functionalis
outer covering of uterus
perimetrium
thick muscular layer of uterus
myometrium
muscosal lining
endometrium
house embryo for development
uterus
ventral extension superior to uterine tubes
fundus
base structure
body
dorsal constriction near vaginal end
cervix
transport oocyte to uterus
uterinne tubes
site of fertilization
uterine tubes
move oocytes from ovary to fallopian tubes
fimbrae
follicle, immediately post-ovulation
corpus hemorrgagicum
enlarged grandulosal cells
corpus luterum
deteriorating corpus luteum
corpus albicans
therca
covering
surround antrum and oocye
granulosal
fluid filled spacr
antrum
protein matrix surrounds oocyte
zona pellucida
protein matrix surrounds oocyte
zona pellucida
protein matrix surrounds oocyte
zona pellucida
protein matrix surrounds oocyte
zona pellucida
protein matrix surrounds oocyte
zona pellucida
protein matrix surrounds oocyte
zona pellucida