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Personality Psychology > Exam #4 > Flashcards

Exam #4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Components of the self (3)

A

self concept
self esteem
social identity

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2
Q

Self-concept (defintion)

A

the way a person sees, understands, and defines themselves (basis for self-understanding; answers questions of who am I)

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3
Q

Functions of the self-concept (4)

A
  • organizes add interprets personal experiences (info processing)
  • regulates our thoughts and feelings.
  • controls our social world by managing impressions (if you like a whataburger and texan they will feel + about you.
  • assess competence, verifies self-conceptions and enhances self.
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4
Q

Development: Infant

A

self-awarness of ones own body

-child learns somethings are always there (body) and somethings not (mothers breast)

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5
Q

Development: Infant

-Self-awareness two types

A

subjective: self Is separate from others.

Objective: ability to see yourself as an object of others attention

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6
Q

Development: 2-3 years (3)

A
  • identify sex and age
  • self includes reference to family (Sarah’s brother)
  • “look at me” behaviors “I can do it)
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7
Q

Development: 3-4 (3)

A

self concept based on developing skills and talents
-talking non-stop
learning to tie shoe, colors, ABC’s

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8
Q

Development: 5-6

A
  • social comparison (evaluation of one’s self or ones performance in terms of a comparison with a reference group “am I faster, smarter”
  • dvp of private self concept (elements kids keep to them self- having secretes; don’t have to tell people everything; bye thoughts are my own)
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9
Q

Development: Teen years (2)

A

perspective taking: being able to take perspectives of others (putting yourself in someone else shoes)

objective self awareness:

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10
Q

symbolic self-awareness

A

ability to form abstract representations of the self through language connected with knowing death is inevitable.

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11
Q

Schema

A

cognitive representation of something (schema of what a chair is, pen)

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12
Q

possible selves

A

guide behavior, how we can see selves

schemas for self in the future.

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13
Q

self-schema

A

cognitive representation of the self

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14
Q

Actual selves

A

currently thinking of who am I

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15
Q

HIGGINS: Ideal self

A

who I would like to become

promotion focus (something I want to achieve)

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16
Q

HIGGINS: Ought self

A

expectations people put on us (they would like for you to have more patience

Prevention focus: want to stop guilt; avoiding people

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17
Q

HIGGINS: self-discrepancy

A

ideal/actual: leads to dissapointment

ought/actual: leads to guilt (can’t spend more time)

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18
Q

Evaluation of one’s self-esteem (Definition)

A

General evaluation of yourself concept along a good/bad or like/dislike dimension.

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19
Q

how can self-esteem vary?

A
  • day to day, hour to hour but always around some average level of self-esteem.
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20
Q

Average level can___

A

fluctuate in predictable ways

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21
Q

People can evaluate themselves differently in__

A

different areas of life or different aspects of self

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22
Q

global vs context-specific self-esteem

A

I generally feel good about myself but in specific things, i don’t (athletics, only if I care)

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23
Q

How is S.E. ranked

A

low (actually is moderate since no one ranks themselves that low)
high

it is not on a continuum.

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24
Q

Failure feedback procedure

A

participants are given a task or test and later are told “you did not do well as other people” (failure feedback) and then are given another task

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25
Q

Failure feedback results

A

lower self-esteem people performed poorly on the second task

higher self-esteem people worked harder on next task

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26
Q

s.e. also affects____

A

motivation

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27
Q

What are high and low S.E. concerned with

A

High: with projecting successful, prosperous, and thriving self-image

low: with avoiding failure (motivated to try not to fail)

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28
Q

self-complexity

A

how many of the roles i have do i value (student, lover, employee)

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29
Q

self-complexity results

A

the more roles I value the higher self-complexity i have

-if i fail in one area then it does not have much of an affect on my self-esteem (i failed a test well at least I’m a good athlete)

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30
Q

gender diff: self-complexity

A

M; find their worth in career

W: value rs

-M: take a harder hit when they fail a career

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31
Q

Protecting Vs. Enhancing the self.

A

high self esteem enhance behavior

low self-esteem protect their behavior

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32
Q

Protecting Vs. Enhancing the self: Defensive mechanisim (benefit, disadvatange)

A

people go into situations expexting to far (tests, interviews)

Benfit: if I fail I don’t feel any worse

if I don’t fail then I feel great because I didn’t study but still passed

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33
Q

Protecting Vs. Enhancing the self: Self handicapping

A

(active)
I’m doing things to make it likely to fail
-external attribution( well I didn’t even try)

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34
Q

Self-esteem variability

A

individual difference characteristic that refers to the magnitude of short-term fluctuations in s.e.

usually have smaller shift in s.e. but others are more dramatic
if it was a good shift: they feel on top of the world

if it was a bad shift: they feel miserable.

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35
Q

self-esteem variability is thought to be…

A

result from particular vulnerability of a persons self-work to events of everyday life

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36
Q

Generational shifts

A

Twenge: self-esteem increased over the years.

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37
Q

self-estem myths: what does it promote

A

high s.e. promotes success in school, career success

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38
Q

self-estem myths: Association btw

A

high association btw self-esteem and (+) charac

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39
Q

self-estem myths: makes a person

A

high self esteem; likable

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40
Q

self-estem myths: low self-esteem

A

puts a person at risk for frug and alcohol abuse

only low s.e. are aggressive

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41
Q

self-estem myths: implications

A

lack of understanding that s.e. is an outcome not a cause

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42
Q

self-estem myths: baumiester

A

self control produces (+) outcomes we had hoped to self-esteem would produce

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43
Q

Social Identity

A

is the self we want to show to others includes gender psychical characters like
height

-used to create impressions

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44
Q

how is social identity different form self concept

A

social identity is what is publicly available (attitudes, beliefs in self-concept that don’t let others know (prejudiced)

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45
Q

nature of identity

A

identity provides the social definition of a person refers to social knowledge or what others think of a person

-we can misinterpret how they view us (perception)

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46
Q

identity has two key features

A

continuity

contrast

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47
Q

*continuity

A

people can’t count on you to be the same person you were today

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48
Q

*contrast

A

social identity differentiates you from others and makes you unique I’m eyes of others

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49
Q

identity development can be achieved by:

A

experimenting with different identities (clothes, major, activities)

adopting a ready made social role(stay at home mom)

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50
Q

identity crisis refers to

A

coined by Erickson identity crisis; to the anxiety that accompanies efforts to define or redefine ones individuality or social reputation.

-not what I anticipated (what should I major in, looking for a new social group)

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51
Q

when can identity crisis occur

A

anytime but more likely in adolescence (what should I major in)
or middles adulthood (kids are leaving home)

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52
Q

Baumiester argues for two distinct types of identity crisis:

A

identity deficit

identity conflict

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53
Q

two distinct types of identity crisis: Identity deficit

A

arises when a person hasn’t formed adequate identity and thus has trouble making major decions

-occurs when discards values (values you come with are probably your parents)

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54
Q

two distinct types of identity crisis: Idenity conflict

A

2 goals want to meet but in conflict with one another

Family/ work life (wanna be a great dad but also have to work to provide)

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55
Q

what do the 2 types of identity crisis create

A

guilt

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56
Q

resolving identity crisis whether adolescent or adulthood involves 2 steps:

A

1) person decides which values are most important to him

2) person transforms abstract values into desires and behaviors (turn into specific behavior, pick CJ or Psych)

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57
Q

Three mechanisms of social interaction

A

selection
evocation
manipulation

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58
Q

selection of a marriage partner: what did they find was the most favored characteristic

A

-mutual attraction and love

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59
Q

selection

A

situations we get into

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60
Q

evocation

A

what bet do I pull out of others

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61
Q

manipulation

A

how do I alter change their behavior

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62
Q

selection of a marriage partner: what is the most important perso charac (3)

A

dependable charac
emotional stability
pleasing dispostion

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63
Q

Attraction similarity theory

A

people like others who have similar personality characteristics

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64
Q

Attraction similarity theory: assortative mating

A

positive correlation caused by:

  • active selection of mates who are similar
  • by-products of other casual processes
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65
Q

Botwin: Correlations are consistently positive (5)

A
    • corr are due to social preferneces based on pero charac of those doing the selecting
  • corr btw preferences for ideal and actual perso charac in a mate
  • partners perso had a large effect on marital satisfaction
  • agreeableness (fewer conflicts) emotional stability (jealous) Openess (willing to do things they like
  • but diff in scores btw partners perso and ones ideal for that perso did not predict happiness
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66
Q

Selective breakup of couples: Violation of desire theory

A

those married to partners who lack desired charac will more frequently dissolve the marriage

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67
Q

Selective breakup of couples: Emotional stability

A

most significant predictor of marital instability and divorce followed by:

Low conscientiousness (low impulse control)
low agreeblness (more conflicts)
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68
Q

Entry into situations: Shyness

A

avoid social situations

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69
Q

Entry into situations: empathy

A

volunteer for community activities (how they do it)

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70
Q

Entry into situations: Psychotosicim

A

chose more volatile and spontaneous situations

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71
Q

Entry into situations: Machiavellenisim

A

prefer face to face situations because these offer a better chance to ply their social manipulative skills to exploit others

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72
Q

Entry into situations: Sensation seeking

A

engage in a variety of risky beh (skydiving)

73
Q

Evocation

A

perso charac of others evoke responses in us

-own perso charac evoke responses in others

74
Q

once we select others to occupy our social Envio…

A

2nd class of processes set into motion- evocation of reactions from others and evocation of our own reaction by others

75
Q

evocation of hostility

A

aggressive people evoke hostility from others

76
Q

hostile attributional bias:

A

tendency to infer hostile intent on the part of others in the face of uncertain beh of others

77
Q

because they expect others to be hostile..

A

aggressive people treat others aggressively. people treated aggressively tend to aggress back

so hostility from others is evoked by an aggressive person

78
Q

evocation of anger and upset in partners (2)

A

person can perform actions that cause an emotional response in a partner

person can elicit actions from another that upset the original elicitor

79
Q

study by buss: role of perso on evocation of anger and upset in marreid couples

A
  • assessed perso charac of husbands and wives

- strongest predictors of upset are low agreeableness and emotional instability

80
Q

evocation through expectancy confirmation:

A

I expect something out of others that produce that beh in others

81
Q

expectancy confirmation: self-fulfilling prophecy

A

I am producing beh based on my belief (i think they are talkative so i talk)

82
Q

behavioral confirmation

A

when I confirm what i suspected

83
Q

Snyder and Swann

A

people beliefs led them behave in an aggressive manner toward an unsuspecting target then the target behaved in a more aggressive manner confirming initial beliefs

84
Q

Maniplation

A

manipulation or social influence includes ways in which people intentionally alter, change, or exploit others

85
Q

Manipulation can be examined from two perspectives within personality psychology

A
  • are some individuals consistently more manipulative than others
  • given that all people attempt to influence others, do stable person charac predict tactics that are used?
86
Q

A Taxonomy of 11 tactics of manipulation: Dvp through a 2-step procedure

A
  • nominations of acts of influence

- factor analysis of self-reports and observer reports of nominated acts

87
Q

Tactics of manipulation: Sex differences

A

with exception of regression (crying and whining) men and women are similar in performance of tactics of manipulation

88
Q

what are the 11 tactics of manipulation

A 
-charm
coercion
silent treatment
reason
regression (whining)
self-abasment
responsibility invocation
-hardball
-pleasure induction
-social comparison
-monetary reward
89
Q

personality predictors of tactics: Extraversion

A

high: coercion, responsibility invocation
low: self-abasement, hardball

90
Q

personality predictors of tactics: agreeablness

A

high: pleasure induction, reason

Low: coercion, silent treatment

91
Q

personality predictors of tactics: conscientiousness

A

high: reason

92
Q

personality predictors of tactics: emotionally unstable

A

use a variety of tactics to manipulate others but the most common one is regression

93
Q

personality predictors of tactics: intellect-openess

A

high: reason, pleasure induction, responsibility invocation
low: social comparison

94
Q

Machievellianisim

A

manipulative strategy of social interaction, person style that uses other people as tools for personal gain

95
Q

people who score high on mach (3)

A
  1. select situations that are loosely structured, untethered by rules that restrict the deployment of exploitive strategy
  2. evoke specific reaction from others such as anger and retaliation for having been exploited
  3. influence or manipulate others in predictable ways, using tactics that are exploitive, self-serving, and deceptive
96
Q

Narcism and social interaction

A

those high on narc are exhibitionistic, grandiose, self-centers, interpersonally exploitive

97
Q

selection:

A

associate with people who admire them, who will reflect positive view they hold of themselves

98
Q

evocation

A

exhibitionisim splits people- some view them as brilliant others as selfish and borish

99
Q

manipulation

A

highly exploitive of others

100
Q

Culture

A

local within group similarities and btw-group differences of any sort- physical, psychological, behavioral, attitudinal

101
Q

cultural diff are termed cultural variations: (aspects)

A
  • some aspects of person are highly variable across cultures

- other aspects are universal- features are shared by people everywhere

102
Q

culture personality has three goals:

A

discover principles underlying cultural diversity

  • discover how human psych shapes culture
  • discover how cultural understandings shape psychology
103
Q

three major approaches to culture

A
  • evoked
  • transmitted
  • cultural universals
104
Q

evoked culture

A

way of considering cult that concentrates on phenomena that are triggered in diff envio conditions

105
Q

two ingredients Arte needed to explain evoked cult

A
  • universal underlying mech (sweat glands by all people)

- envio diff in activation of underlying mechinisim

106
Q

food sharing example: high variance conditions

A

you share your meat today with an unlucky hunter and next week he will share meet with you. Benefits of sharing food increase under conditions of high variance

107
Q

child-rearing practices and marital rs evoke____

A

sexual strategies in children

108
Q

early experiences and evoked mating strategies: china, Sweden

A

china_ marriages are lasting, divorces are rare and parents invest heavily in children- high value on chastity and virginity

sweden: divorce is more common, more children are born outside of marriages, fewer investing fathers, low value on chastity virginity

109
Q

Evoked aggression: culture of honor

A

insults are viewed as highly offensive public challenges which must be met with confrontation and physical aggression

110
Q

evoked aggression evokes in..

A

herding cultures- where it is necessary to protect stock which could be stolen

111
Q

southern cult of honor:

A
  • homicide statistics differ by region of country

- experimental responses to insults differ by region

112
Q

transmitted culture

A

representation(ideas, beliefs) that exist originally in at least on person’ mind that are transmitted to other minds through observation or interaction with the original person

113
Q

culture diff in moral values

A

many moral values are specific to particular cult and are likely to be examples of transmitted cults

114
Q

Self-concept: Markus and Kitayama- each person has 2 fundamental cultural tasks

A
  1. interdependence: how people interact with or attach to others
  2. independence: differentiate the self from others
115
Q

culture appears to differ in how they balance these 2 tasks (non-western; western)

Impact of ….

A
  1. non western asian cult focused on interdependence
    - western cults focused more on independence
    - impact of acculturation (process of adapting to the ways of life in ones new culture)
116
Q

criticisms of cross culture

A

-not generalizable

-

117
Q

self-enhancement

A

tendency to describe and present oneself using positive or socially valued attributes such as kind, intelligent

118
Q

North Americans relative to asians maintain

A

positive evaluation of self

119
Q

two explanations for cultural diff

A
  • asians are engaging in impression management and any difference is not real
  • cultural diff are accurate and reflect participants different self-concepts this has empirical support
120
Q

self-enhancement occurs across

A

all cultures

121
Q

social class may have an effect on personality

A
  • higher social class-importance of self-direction and nonconformity
  • lower social class: emphasize importance of obedience to authority
122
Q

historical era may have and effect on __

A

perso; great depression made savers

123
Q

cultural universals: significant cross-cultural similarity

A

M: active loud aggressive

W: affectionate nervous modest

124
Q

expression of emotion

A

sad, happy, fear, surprised, disgust, grief, contempt

125
Q

personality evaluation:

A

dominance and warmth (used cross culture to describe people

126
Q

five factor model

A

4 or 5 may be universal (extraversion, agreeableness, emotional stability, conscientiousness)

127
Q

Models of the personality illness connection:

A 
interactional 
transactional
health behavior
predisposition
illness behavior
128
Q

interactional model

A

objective events happen to a person but personality determines the impact of events by influencing a persons ability to copy

129
Q

interactional model:(2)

A
  1. perso moderates the relation between stress and illness

2. coping response influences degree, duration, and the frequency of a succesful event

130
Q

interactional model: problem

A

rs are unable to identify stable coping responses that are consistently adaptive or maladaptive

131
Q

interactional model graph

A
  1. events capable of producing stress
  2. coping stress (personality)
  3. physiological arousal
  4. illness
132
Q

Transactional model: perso has three potential effects

A

can influence coping
can influence how a person appraises events
can influence events themselves

133
Q

Transactional model: stress is caused by___

A

how a person interprets events

134
Q

Transactional model: people do not just…

A

respond to situations they also create situations through choices and actions (ex: in a car crash because left late for work)

135
Q

health behavior models

A

perso does not directly influence the relation btw stress and illness. instead, perso affects health indirectly through health-promoting or health degrading behaviors

136
Q

predisposition model

A

-associations may exist btw perso and illness because of some predisposition that is causing them both

137
Q

predisposition model: association found btw

A

illness and perso because of some predisposition that underlies them both

138
Q

predisposition model: 2 ways

A
  • genetic predispostions

- reactive sympathetic nervous system produces both neuroticism and illness

139
Q

illness behavior model

A

perso influences the degree to which a person perceives and attends to bodily sensations and the degree to which a person interprets and labels sensations as illness

140
Q

common theme in models

A
  • most models of perso and illnes includes a key variable stress
  • stress is not out there in our lives, representing something that happens to us.
  • instead, stress lies in how we interpret and respond to those events
  • this stress lies in btw the event and the person
141
Q

concept of sress

A

stress is a subjective feeling produced by events perceived as uncontrollable and threatning

142
Q

stressors (3)

A
  • (events that cause stress)
  • events that lead to stress and have several common attributes
  • stressors can produce a state of feeling overwhelmed
  • produce opposing tendencies in us such as wanting and not wanting some activity or object
143
Q

stressors percived as

A

uncontrollable

144
Q

stress response: physiological response

A

sympathetic nervous system activity (fight or flight)

  • arousal (sweating)
  • hormonal release (cortisol)
145
Q

stress response: general adaptation syndrome (GAS) stages

A

alarm stage: fight or flight
resistance
exhaustion

146
Q

resistance stage

A

body uses resources at above-average rate even though fight or flight response subsided

147
Q

exhasuation stage

A

more susceptible to illness because physiological resources are depleted

148
Q

types of stressors

A

major life events

daily hassles

149
Q

types of stressors: major life events (+,-)

A 
\+= getting marries
-= death of a spouse
150
Q

major life events: people who experience most stress..

A

are more likely to have a serious illness over the next year

151
Q

major life events: people who experience most stress.. (2)

A

people under chronic stress deplete bodily resources and become more vulnerable to infections
-stress lowers the functioning of the immune system leading to lowered immunity to infection and resulting in illness

152
Q

Daily hassles (2)

A
  • provide most stress in most peoples lives

- rs indicates that people with a lot of minor stress suffer more from psychological and physical response

153
Q

Varieties of stressors (4)

A

acute
episodic acute
traumatic
chronic

-stress has addictive effects cumulating in a person over time

154
Q

acute

A

results from sudden onset of demands and is experienced with headaches and upset stomachs

155
Q

episodic acute stress

A

repeated episodes (weekend job); having to meet a monthly deadline. lead tp migraines anxiety, deprresion

156
Q

traumatic stress

A

witnessing life-threatening events (terrorist) comes with nightmares, difficulty sleeping, flasbacks

157
Q

chronic

A

last more than 6 months; stress that does not end.

158
Q

primary and secondary appraisal

A

stress is the subjective reaction of a person to potential stressors

159
Q

primary and secondary appraisal: Lazarus- in order for stress to be evoked two cog events must occur

A

primary: person perceives an event as a threat to goals (not enough time to study)
secondary: person concludes they do not have resources to cope with demands of threatening event

160
Q

role of + emotions in coping with stress: genral hypo

A

+ emotions and appraisals lead to a lowered impact of stress on health

161
Q

three coping mechanisms are capable of generating + emotions during stress

A

positive reappraisal
problem-focused coping
creating positive events

162
Q

positive appraisal

A

person focuses on the good in what is happening

163
Q

problem-focused coping

A

thoughts and behaviors that manage or solve an underlying cause of stress

164
Q

creating positive events

A

creating + time-out from stress

165
Q

coping strategies and styles

A
  • attributional
  • optimism and physical well-being
  • management of emotions
  • disclosure
166
Q

attributional style

A

answer to the question “where does this person typically place the blame when things go wrong

167
Q

three dimensions of attribution

A

external vs internal
unstable vs stable
specific vs global

168
Q

Pessimists: make

A

stable global internal explanations or bad events (sig)

169
Q

optimists make

A

unstable, specific, external explanations for bad events (USE)

170
Q

self-efficacy

A

belief that one can do beh necessary to achieve desired outcomes (i can find time to excersice)

171
Q

optimistic bias

A

people generally underestimate their risks with the average person rating risks as below true avg (haven’t been in accident so I’m gonna keep doing it)

172
Q

Optimism and physical-wellbeing: optimism predicts ______ and ____

A

good health and health-promoting behaviors:

173
Q

Optimism and physical-wellbeing: Through the.. (5)

A
  • through the effects on the immune system
  • through an emotional mechanism
  • through a cog process
  • through effects on social contacts
  • through direct behavioral mechanism
174
Q

Management of emotions: inhibition (3)

A
  • inhibiting emotions seen as a dvp milestone (can’t get cookie, throw tantrum, tell kids can’t always get what you want.
  • suppressing emotions leads to increased arousal
  • someone who characteristically inhibits emotional expression may suffer effects from chronic sympathetic nervous system arousal.
175
Q

Management of emotions: communication (2)

A
  • emotions serve the function of communicating to others how we are feeling
  • rs indicates that emotional expressiveness may be good for our psychological health and general adjustment
176
Q

Management of emotions: Disclosure

A
  • not discussing traumatic, negative, upsetting events can lead to problems
  • telling a secret can relieve stress, increase health
177
Q

Type A behavior and card disease: behavior pattern (3)

A
  • higher achievement motivation and competitiveness
  • higher time urgency
  • higher hostility and aggressiveness
178
Q

early studies of type A found it was..

A

and independent risk factor for dvping cardio disease

Personality Psychology (2 decks)

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