Exam Flashcards
In what cortical layer would you find mostly axons?
Layer I
Inhibitory granule cells release primarily what neurotransmitter?
GABA
In the human cerebral cortex the largest percentage of cortical tissue produce movements when electrically stimulated
False
which cortical association area is associated with executive functions of behavior?
prefrontal association area
norepinephrine projections to widespread cortical areas, originates primarily from which of the following areas?
locus ceruleus
most incoming sensory signals terminate in what cortical layer?
layer IV
the major efferent output from cortex to the spinal cord originate from which cells?
pyramidal cells
cortical neurons in the association areas can change their functions as functional demand changes
true
cortical neurons that fire, when we observe somebody doing something that helps us relate to what they are doing and perhaps is important in our acquiring those motor skills describes which of the following neurons?
mirror neurons
what pathway is important in emotional response transfer between anterior portions of right and left temporal lobes?
anterior commissure
what is the normal function of cells in the orbital frontal cortex?
function as an error detector, fire when expectation not met
most left handed individuals have the following cortical dominance?
left
in individuals that have their corpus callosum (split brain) cut, the left hemisphere tends to match objects based on which of the following criteria?
function
in individuals that have their corpus callosum (split brain) cut, the right hemisphere tends to match objects based on which of the following criteria?
apperance
after identification of a face, projections from the fusiform gyrus to which area allow us to gage the emotional significance, if any, of what has been identified?
amygdala
after Phineas Gage recovered which of the following statements is true?
made a full physical recovery, but personality altered
which of the following is not associated with a prefrontal lobotomy?
increased level of aggressiveness
normally what allows the bulk of information transfer between cerebral hemispheres?
corpus callosum
in most people the right cortex is actually dominate for which of the following functions?
non-verbral visual experiences
what is on function of the ventromedial region of the frontal lobe?
processing of emotion
one major side effect electroconvulsive shock therapy for depression is which of the following?
memory loss
the size of a cortical cell body correlates best with which of the following?
length of its axon
every cubic inch of cerebral cortex has about how many miles of nerve fibers in it?
10,000
which of the following areas is most important in declarative/reflective/episodic memory function?
hippocampus
which area is important in reflexive learning or memory, i.e. physical skills repeated over and over
cerebellum
the hippocampus receives its primary input from the entorhinal cortex via which two pathways?
alveolar and perforant
which of the following areas promotes more flexible associations with memory function, i.e. recognizing a business colleague at the grocery store
hippocampus
in memory, the links between individual neurons, which bind them into a single memory are formed through which process?
long term potentiation
what maintains long term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal neurons and is thought to be important in consolidation of memory?
protein kinase M zeta
Habituation
decrease in response to repetitive benign stimulus
Sensitization
seen following a noxious stimulus
Imitative learning
important in acquisition of language
innervated cells release what substances that promote proper innervation of those cells?
nerve growth factors
what are controls the overall level of cortical activity, is excitatory, and a lesion here will likely result in coma?
reticular formation of the pons
following his hippocampal removal, what memory function is still intact?
reflexive memory
which of the following neurotransmitters is not associated with wakefulness?
serotonin
strong stimulation in the central gray surrounding the aqueduct of sylvius is associated with which of the following?
unpleasant feeling
norepinephrine
locus ceruleus
dopamine
substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area
acetylcholine
magnocellular nucleus
serotonin
nuclei of raphe
glutamate
intralaminar area of thalamus
which of the following areas exert control over both, SNS and parasympathetic nervous system, as well as the pituitary gland?
hypothalamus
stimulation in this area will cause an animal to stop the undesired behavior?
central gray around the aqueduct of Sylvius
what are the two basic emotional states?
conservation and arousal
which hypothalamic nuclei when stimulated is associated with rage, fighting, thirst.
lateral hypothalamus
satiety and tranquility is associated with stimulation of what hypothalamic nucleus/area?
ventralmedial nucleus
which area of the cortex functions as a gutter, which highly processed sensory signals drain into after complex sensory processing?
hippocampus
increased sympathetic nervous system activity has what effect on production of antibodies?
inhibits
lymphocytes possess receptors for neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and acetylcholine
true
what pituitary gland hormone can counteract the fever producing effects of IL-1?
alpha MSH
after injury, IL-1 stimulates the synthesis and secretion of which of the following?
nerve growth factor
spinal cord injury patients have decreased functions of which of the following?
NK cells, T cells, cellular adhesion molecules (CAM’s)
which of the following anterior pituitary hormones can stimulate lymphocyte proliferation and antibody synthesis?
growth hormone, prolactin
beta endorphins inhibit/stimulate the activity of T, B and NK cells
stimulate
experimentally if two adjacent digits are sewn together, the following might be expected to occur?
cortical reorganization, whereby the two digits cannot be controlled individually
in mice who were immobilized, and given the vaccinia virus, what treatment prevented the high mortality normally seen with these stressors
PM melatonin injection
in neonatal mice thymectomy causes which of the following?
increased number of degranulated acidophilic cells in the anterior pituitary
in old mice, what restores thymic capacity to produce thymulin?
L-thyroxine
compare the regenerative capacity in the PNS vs. the CNS
PNS > CNS
in the adult human where has neurogenesis been shown to occur?
hippocampus
the cerebral cortex has the capacity to reorganize itself in the face of reduced or enhanced afferent input
true
what effect does removal of the pituitary gland have on the body’s ability to mount a local inflammatory response to a chemical applied to the skin?
decreases
what is a source of GABAergic projections that inhibit the ventral tegmental area?
nucelus accumbens
what is the major source of dopaminergic projections in the pleasure circuit of the rat?
ventral tegmental area
In the brain, what cells are coupled together via gap junctions and forms a functional syncytium that allows for the spread of calcium waves?
astrocytes
what glia are involved in pH regulation in the brain
Oligodendrocytes
astrocytes both synthesize and uptake neurotransmitters from the ECF in the brain
true
bilateral ablation of the amygdala is associated with
loss of fear, increased sex drive, excessive tendency to examine objects orally, changes in dietary habits
with regards to a typical night’s sleep
slow wave sleep is interrupted by increasing periods of REM, in REM sleep most skeletal muscle is in a paralysis state, a person usually awakens spontaneously from REM
REM-off cells which become silent during REM, are associated with which of the following nuclei?
locus ceruleus
stimulation of which of the following is sleep promoting?
anterior hypothalamic preoptic region
which of the following functions as a sleep modulating center
nucleus basalis (Meynert)
lesions in the what nuclei will initially produce insomnia?
raphe nucleus
during what sleep stage is the cortical EEG highly desynchronized and similar to being awake?
REM
eyes open
asynchrony
what prostaglandin which is highly concentrated in the preoptic nucleus and induces both slow wave and REM sleep?
PGD 2
how can sleep deprivation promote fat storage?
lack of sleep decreases growth hormone levels, a powerful lipolytic agent
a sort of paralysis normally occurs during REM sleep, to keep you from physically acting out dreams, which is reflected by which of the following changes?
30% increase in rheobase in motor neurons
stimulation of what nerve may be effective at preventing seizures?
vagus
how could chiropractic intervention most likely decrease incidence of seizures?
by decreasing abnormal nerve traffic into the CNS
stimulation of GABA receptors have what effect?
open Cl- channels
