Exam Flashcards
0
Q
Instantaneous speed
A
The speed in which an object is going at one particular instant and is measured over a short period of time
1
Q
What is average speed?
A
Average speed = calculated over the whole journey using the total distance and the total time
2
Q
Speed formula
A
V= d
T
3
Q
Newton’s first law
A
An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion at constant speed if the forces on it are balanced
4
Q
Newton’s second law
A
When an object experiences an unbalanced force it will accelerate in the direction of the unbalanced force
5
Q
Acceleration equation
A
Acceleration = final speed - initial speed
Time
6
Q
Speed time graph
A
Speed y axis Time x axis X axis goes along the time interval (final speed - initial speed) Y axis goes up to final speed All starts at o
7
Q
What year was the telescope invented in?
A
1608
8
Q
Who helped to improve the design of the telescope?
A
Galileo galilei
9
Q
What is the structure of a telescope?
A
Objective lens
Light tight tube
Eye piece lens
10
Q
How would you create a clearer and brighter image on a telescope??
A
Wider diameter objective lens
11
Q
Who suggested the force of gravity?
A
Isaac Newton
12
Q
What did galileos experiments find??
A
Gravity causes all objects to fall to the ground at the same speed, no matter the mass of an object
13
Q
What is spectroscopy??
A
By shining white light through a prism, a spectrum of colour is produced known as the visible spectrum
Discovered by Isaac Newton
14
Q
Why do not all light sources produce a continuous spectrum?
A
Not all wavelengths of light are present
A line spectrum is produced instead
15
Q
Comet
A
Found in the outermost regions of the solar system
Huge clusters of ice and dust
Travel through the solar system
Attracted by the Suns gravity
16
Q
Moon
A
Natural satellite that orbits a planet
17
Q
Planet
A
Spherical object
Found in the solar system
Orbits a central star
18
Q
Sun
A
Star
Found in the centre of the solar system
19
Q
Nebula
A
Cloud of gas and dust in space
Regions where new stars are formed
Or regions in which dead or dying Stars remain
Come on many shapes and sizes
20
Q
Galaxy
A
Collection of solar systems
Billions of galaxy’s make up the universe
21
Q
Claudius Ptolemy
A
Introduced the early geocentric model of the universe ( Earth at the centre)
22
Q
Nicolaus Copernicus
A
Theorised the heliocentric model of the universe (sun at the centre)
23
Q
Johannes Kepler
A
Improved the heliocentric model of the universe
Noticed that orbits are more elliptical
His mathematical laws of planetary movement are still used
24
Isaac Newton
Suggested the invisible force of gravity
Responsible for the planets staying in orbit around the sun
Moons in orbit around planets
25
How can line spectrums be used?
Astronomers can identify what elements are present in a star by seeing what elements have corresponding lines in their own spectrum
26
What is the Doppler effect?
It's a phenomenon that is observed when a sound producing object moves relative to us
27
Give an example of the Doppler effect
Fire engine
| As it moves towards you the pitch increases and as it moves away from us the pitch decreases
28
Why is there a change in pitch in the Doppler effect??
It's due to the changing frequency of the sound waves
As the object moves closer to us the waves get closer together resulting in higher pitch
As the object moves away from us the waves get further apart resulting in a lower pitch
29
What else is the Doppler effect true for apart from sound waves?
Light waves
30
What are all sounds caused by
Vibrations
31
Why do vibrations cause sound?
Vibrations cause sound waves to move through solids liquids and gases
32
What kind of waves are sound waves
Compression waves
33
What is the frequency of a sound wave
The number of waves produced per second
34
Low frequency ???
Low pitch
35
High pitch ???
High frequency
36
What is the height of a wave
Amplitude
37
Where is the amplitude measured from
From the central axis to the crest of the wave or the central axis to the trough
38
(With regards to sound waves) the higher the amplitude the????
Higher the volume
39
What change in appearance does the wave take when the amplitude is increased or decreased
The height of the wave changes but the number of waves stay the same
40
What are sound levels measured in
Decibels (dB)
41
What is the quietest noise you can hear?
0dB
42
What sound level is normal conversation
60dB
43
What is he danger level for heading and what can happen because of this ?
90dB
| Constant exposure to this sound level can result in damage to your hearing
44
What is voltage?
A measure of the energy supplies or used up per unit charge
45
What is voltage measured in?
Volts (V)
46
How do you measure voltage?
Using a voltmeter
| Should be connected in parallel to the component
47
What is current
A measure of the rate of flow of charge
48
What is current measured in?
Amperes (A)
49
How do you measure current?
Ammeter
| Connected in series with the component
50
What is resistance
The opposition to the flow of current through a material
51
What is resistance measured in
Ohms
52
How can you measure resistance
With an ohmmeter
53
What is the ratio of voltage to current?
For any resistor, the ratio of voltage over it to the current through it (v ) is a constant
---
I
If you increase the voltage the current increases in direct proportion
54
What is the equation for resistance
V =IR
Voltage = current
----------
Resistance
55
What is the mains voltage.
230V
56
Solids
Fixed shape and volume
57
Liquids
Fixed volume but no fixed shape
58
Gas particles
Free to move very fast and take the shape of their containers
59
What is air pressure caused by
Millions of tiny gas particles hitting off surfaces as they move
They except a force which creates pressure
60
Who was the barometer invented by?
Evangelista Torricelli
61
What is a barometer
Device used to measure air pressure
| It can indicate wearer conditions
62
What happens to the air pressure at the top of mountains?
The air pressure is thinner causing air pressure to decrease
Humans struggle to breathe because there is less oxygen per unit volume
63
What is used for thrill rides?
Highly pressurised compressed gas
64
What is highly pressurised compressed gas used for?
Deodorant, body spray, hairspray
Clean intricate machinery
Thrill rides
65
What is heat?
A type of energy
66
What is temperature measured in
Joules
67
What is temperature?
Measure of how hot or cold something is
68
What is temperature measured in?
Degrees Celsius, Fahrenheit and kelvin
69
(In relation to particles) what is temperature?
A measure of the kinetic energy of a particle
70
What happens to particles when the temperature of an object is increased
The particles move more and push surrounding particles further away
Normally solids will melt and liquids will evaporate
71
What is the temperature of absolute zero
-273 degrees Celsius
72
What is absolute zero?
The lowest possible temperature
73
What happens to particles if they reach absolute zero
They have almost no kinetic energy and will hardly move at all
74
What temperature is absolute zero on the Klein scale
0K
75
Pressure - volume law
If the volume is decreased, particles will hit container walls more often, so pressure increases
76
Volume- temperature law
If temperature is increases, particles will have more kinetic energy.
Particles will hit container walls with greater force.
If pressure remains constant, volume will increase
77
Pressure-temperature law
If temperature is increased, particles will have more kinetic energy.
Particles hit the container wall more often and with greater force
The pressure will increase
78
What is density
Density of an object tells how much mass there is per unit volume
79
What is denser in general
| Liquids or solids
Solids but there are many exceptions to the rule
80
Which is denser
| Ice or water
Water
81
What is the equation for density
Density = mass / volume
82
What will happen when a substance with a high density is placed in a fluid with a low density
It will sink
83
What also determines floating and sinking
The shape of an object
84
What is red shift
When the universe is getting bigger
85
How can all electronic systems be represented
By a diagram showing
Input
Process
Output
86
What are input devices
They put information into a system
Switches
Sensors
Energy chargers
87
Types of switches
Toggle, push, slide
88
Types of sensors
Light, heat, temperature
89
Types of energy chargers
Microphone, solar cell, thermocouple
90
What are output devices
```
They give information back to you
Usually energy chargers
Changing electrical energy to
Light (led lamp)
Sound (speaker, buzzer)
Movement (motor, solenoid)
```
91
What a processes?
```
Logic gates
They work with and change the information from the inputs
NOT
AND
OR
```
92
NOT gate
Inverter
| Changes the output to the opposite of the input
93
AND gate
Requires both of the inputs to be at 1 (on) before the output can be at 1
If any of the inputs are at 0 the output with be 0
94
OR gate
Requires either of the inputs to be at 1 before the output is at 1
95
If there is an increase of 10dB sound how much louder will the sound get
Twice as loud
96
How can all electronic systems be represented
By a diagram showing
Input
Process
Output
97
What are input devices
They put information into a system
Switches
Sensors
Energy chargers
98
Types of switches
Toggle, push, slide
99
Types of sensors
Light, heat, temperature
100
Types of energy chargers
Microphone, solar cell, thermocouple
101
What are output devices
```
They give information back to you
Usually energy chargers
Changing electrical energy to
Light (led lamp)
Sound (speaker, buzzer)
Movement (motor, solenoid)
```
102
What a processes?
```
Logic gates
They work with and change the information from the inputs
NOT
AND
OR
```
103
NOT gate
Inverter
| Changes the output to the opposite of the input
104
AND gate
Requires both of the inputs to be at 1 (on) before the output can be at 1
If any of the inputs are at 0 the output with be 0
105
OR gate
Requires either of the inputs to be at 1 before the output is at 1
106
If there is an increase of 10dB sound how much louder will the sound get
Twice as loud
107
How can all electronic systems be represented
By a diagram showing
Input
Process
Output
108
What are input devices
They put information into a system
Switches
Sensors
Energy chargers
109
Types of switches
Toggle, push, slide
110
Types of sensors
Light, heat, temperature
111
Types of energy chargers
Microphone, solar cell, thermocouple
112
What are output devices
```
They give information back to you
Usually energy chargers
Changing electrical energy to
Light (led lamp)
Sound (speaker, buzzer)
Movement (motor, solenoid)
```
113
What a processes?
```
Logic gates
They work with and change the information from the inputs
NOT
AND
OR
```
114
NOT gate
Inverter
| Changes the output to the opposite of the input
115
AND gate
Requires both of the inputs to be at 1 (on) before the output can be at 1
If any of the inputs are at 0 the output with be 0
116
OR gate
Requires either of the inputs to be at 1 before the output is at 1
117
If there is an increase of 10dB sound how much louder will the sound get
Twice as loud
118
What do all electromagnetic waves have in common
They all travel at the speed of light (3x10 8)
| They all transverse
119
What is frequency
The number of waves that pass a point per second
120
Speed of sound
340 m/s
121
Karaoke machine electronic system
Mic
Amplifier
Output
122
Light sensor
When it is light it will be at 1
| When it is dark it is at zero
123
Temperature sensor
Heat 1
| No heat 0
124
Sign for density
P
125
An example of Newton's first law
Sky divers
126
Newton's third law
When object a excerts a force on object b. Then object b excerts an equal but opposite force on object a
127
How are transverse waves different from longitudinal waves
Transverse waves move perpendicular to the direction of energy travel
Compression waves are longitudinal, they move with the direction of energy travel
