Exam Flashcards
Adaptive Model: Wellness
Disease is considered a failure in adaptation ; treatment is to restore persons ability to cope / adapt
Role-performance model: Wellness
Health defined by individuals ability to fulfill societal roles
Clinical Model: Wellness
Health is defined by absence of signs and symptoms of disease or injury
Health promotion
Aims to informing, influencing and assisting both individuals and organizations to accept responsibility and be active in matters affects mental and physical health
Determinants of Health: Examples
Income/ social status, Social networks ,Education, Employment, Social environment , Physical environment, Personal health practices, Healthy child development, Genetics, Health services, Gender, Culture
Downstream thinker
Acts on immediate problem
Upstream thinker
Examines problems and advocate for health.
Basic human needs
Food, Water, Shelter, Protection, Love
Healthy living needs
Oxygen/Circulation, Nutrition, Elimination, Fluid & Electrolyte, Activity & Rest, Safety/Protection, Neurohormonal Integrity, Psychosocial Needs
Asepsis
Absess of disease producing microorganisms
Medical asepsis
Procedures to reduce and prevent microorganisms
Surgical asepsis
Sterilization- eliminates all microorganisms including pathogens and spores
Normal flora
Bacteria normal found in areas of the body ex. GI, skin
Nosocomial infection
Acquired in health care facility
Chain of infection
Pathogen Reservoir Portal of exit Route of transportation Portal of entry Susceptible host
Airborne infection
Transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei smaller than 5 microns: wear n95 mask.
Ex. TB, chickenpox
Droplet infection
Serious illnesses transmitted by particle droplet 5 microns or larger- need mask, gown , gloves
Ex. Pneumonia, mumps, diphtheria
Contact infection
Transmitter by direct contact- hand hygiene, need gloves and gown
Ex. C. Diff, wound infection
Risks that infect safety: Age
Elderly- decreased cognitive, mobility, sensory function
Adolescent- sense of immortality
Risks that affects safety: Lifestyle
Alcohol, drugs, risk taking, less sleep, poor diet, less exercise, stress, smoking
Risk factors that affect safety- impaired mobility
Elderly- many have decreased mobility
Children- not developed mobility skills
Risk factors that affect safety- sensory/ cognitive impairment
Less mobility, vision, hearing, mental ability
Children
Risk factors that affect safety- lack of safety knowledge
Impaired awareness
Adolescent
Not enough safety training on job
Low income
Promote safety: Restraints
Use as little as possible- check client often
ADL
Activities of Daily Living
What are ADLs
Feeding,dressing, tolieting, bathing/hygiene
Nursing process
A- assessment N- nursing diagnosis P- planning I- implementation E-evaluation
Objective data
Can be tested- Seen, felt, heard, smelled
Subjective data
Client’s perceptions, beliefs, feelings, values and attitudes : also known as symptoms
Physical assessment
Includes I- inspection P- palpitation P- percussion A- auscultation
Types of percussion sounds
Resonance Hyperesonance Tympany Dull Flat
What do you auscultate for?
Frequency
Loudness
Quality
Duration
Age of a Young Adult
20-40
Age of a Middle Adult
40-65
Menopause
Change of hormones in women
Andropause
Change in hormones for men
Times vitals are assessed
Admission Routine schedule Before and after surgery Change in condition Before and after some medications
Temperature norms
35.8 - 37.3
Ways to lose heat
Radiation- transfer of heat without direct contact
Conduction- transfer of heat with direct contact
Convection- transfer of heat by air movement
Evaporation
Medical term for fever
Pyrexia
Febrile
To have a fever
Afebrile
No fever
Diaphoresis
Visible perspiration; excessive
Pulse norms
60-100 beats per minute
Bradycardia
Slow pulse (<60)
Tachycardia
Fast pulse (>100)
Arrhythmia
Abnormal rhythm in heart rate
Pulse deficit
Difference between apical and radial pulse
Pulse characteristics
Rate
Rhythm
Strength
Equality
Respiration norms
12-20 breaths per minute
Apnea
No breathing periods
Dyspnea
Laboured breathing
Eupnea
Normal breathing
Orthopnea
Easier breathing sitting
Cheyne’s stokes
“Death rattle” deep shallow breathing, periods of apnea
Kussmal’s
Abnormally deep and rapid breathing
Characteristics of respirations
Rate
Depth
Rhythm
Quality
Blood pressure norms
120/80= optimal 140/90= hypertension
Pulse pressure
Difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure
O2 sat norms
95%-100%
75% below= LIFE THREATENING
Chest assessment
Inspection- 2:1,chest expansion, tactile fremitus
Palpitation- lumps , bumps, mushy
Auscultation- landmarks
Bronchial sounds
High pitched, loud
Inspiration< expiration
Bronchialvesicular sounds
Located over bronchi
Blowing noises
Inspiration=expiration
Vesicular
Soft, breezy, low pitched
Inspiration x3 of expiration
Over lung periphery
Fluid distribution: Intracellular
In cells: 2/3 of total body fluid
Fluid distribution: extracellular
Outside cells
1/3 of total body fluid
ADH- antidiuretic hormone
Controls fluid excreted by kidneys
Adolsterone
Hormone reabsorbs sodium and water from kidney tubules
Osmoreceptors
Hormone regulation- sense volume conestoa ruin of blood
Hypothalamus
Part of brain regulating hormones
Electrolytes
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Fluid deficit
Mild-2% body wt loss
Moderate-5% body wt loss
Severe - 8% body wt loss
Edema
Swelling resulting from excessive accommodation of fluid in tissues
Shiny, taut skin
Putting Edema
Pressure from thumb leaves indentation in skin
Aerobic exercise
Cardio
Ex, dance, running
