Exam Flashcards
Lighter Muscled Animals
Narrow standing & walking
Fatter Animals Become…
smoother appearing & develop a wider flatter shape to their topline
Know locations of: Brisket Crest Stifle Quarter or Round
cattle
What does yeild grade determine?
Cutability
Yield grades in beef cattle predict the yield of which boneless, closely trimmed retail cuts?
Round
Loin
Rib
Chuck
Dressing % for cattle
62%
Factors used to determine YG for cattle
- external fat thinkness over 12th rib
- ribeye area
- kidney, pelvic, & heart fat
- carcass weight
The fatter the animal the ______ PYG.
Higher
What influences YG in lambs most?
Adj. fat thickness over the 12th rib
YG formula for sheep
0.4 + (10 x Adj. Fat Thickness)
Muscle is evaluated where in lambs?
Forearm Shoulder Rack Loin Leg
Wether
male castrated before development of secondary sex characteristics
Dressing % (Carcass Weight) calculation…
Carcass Wgt. / Live Wgt.
Where is fat evaluated in hogs?
Jowls Behind the Shoulder Over the Top Rear/Fore Flanks Underline
Dressing % for swine is…
72%
Why is swine dressing % so high?
Monogastrics
Leave skin on
Loin Eye Area Calculation
ex: muscle score of 2
= (2 x live weight/100) + 0.5
Proportions of organs in swine
35% large intestine
29% stomach & small intestine
7% cecum
Proportions of organs in horses
47% large intestine
27% small intestine
18% cecum
8% stomach
Which parts of the small intestine are involved in absorbtion? Digestion?
Jejunum & Ileum
Duodenum
Functions of a monogastric stomach
- storage of ingested feed
- muscular movements causing physical breakdown
- secrete digestive juices
Which species does not have a gall bladder?
Horse
Which species cannot vomit?
Horse
Where does bacterial fermentation occur in the horse?
Cecum
Function of the gizzard
grinds feed into finer particles by strong muscular contractions
“True Stomach”
Abomasum
4 compartments of a ruminant stomach
Reticulum - honeycomb
Rumen
Omasum - manyplies
Abomasum - true stomach
Characteristics of the rumen
- largest compartment
- large, hollow, muscular extends from diaphram to the pelvis & nearly fills the left side of abdominal cavity
- up to 55 gal. capacity
The largest compartment at maturity in a ruminant is ______.
The Rumen
Esophageal Groove Functions
- passage way exending from esophageal opening (cardia) to omasum
- allow milk to bypass the reticulo-rumen and escape bacterial fermentation
Rumination
- 8 hours a day
- one cycle = one minute
- allows animal to graze quickly and complete chewing later
Eructation
Belching of gas
Balance a Ration
X + Y
Fell Membrane
fully encompasses the carcass and lies between the muscle and skin in sheep
Where does head removal occur?
Atlas Joint
Stunning
mether used to render and animal unconscious, but the circulatory & respiratory systems still function
Which species are the carcasses split? Left intact?
Cattle & Swine are split
Sheep are left intact
Visceral
abdominal cavity
Pluck
thoracic cavity
trachea, lungs, & heart
Break Joint
joint on the fore legs at the lower end of the metacarpals that is a cartilaginous structure in lambs and will break.
Antemortem inspection classifications
US Passed
US Suspect
US Condemned
What factors affect dressing %?
Fill Digestive Tract Type Fat Muscle Manure & Mud
Offal
any organ or body part which does not remain with the carcass
Which is the most valuable offal item?
Hide or Pelt
Blast Chilling Temperature
28 degrees F
Pizzle Eye
white disc-like tissue immediately behind the aitch bone from which the penis was removed from the carcass.
- used to distinguish steers from heifer carcasses
Buttons
soft cartilage tips on the outside of the chine bones that ossify as an animal matures
How long should feed be withheld before harvest?
12 - 24 hours
“A” maturity beef carcasses can have what quality grades?
Prime
Choice
Select
Standard
PSE Pork
Pale, soft & exudative
What can affect meat tenderness?
Breed Type Locomotive v. Support Muscles QG Degree of Doneness Age
How do rib, round, & tenderloin steaks rank in comparison to one another?
Tenderloin = lowest
Rib
Round = highest
Top Turkey company in the US
Jennie-O
Top Broiler company in the US
Tyson
Poultry industry originated where?
Midwestern states
Oviposition
egg laying process
Reasons for recent increases in poultry consumption
new methods of processing, packaging & distribution, broilers are widely available when other meats are not
- diet
Vertical Integration
carry out all activities from hatching to delivery to buyers
Top grade of eggs
AA
How many eggs can a hen produce in a year?
285
How much feed does it take to grow a lb of turkey?
less than 1.9lbs
What is the most valuable poultry cut?
Breast
How long does it take a baby chicken to hatch? Turkey?
21 days for a chicken
28 for a turkey
Which gender determines the sex of the offspring in the chicken?
Female
How much feed does it take to produce a dozen eggs?
3lbs
Leading broiler producing states
Georgia & Arkansas
1 state in US turkey production
Minnesota
