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UT BCH 369 > Exam 3: Weeks 9-11 > Flashcards

Exam 3: Weeks 9-11 Flashcards

1
Q

citric acid cycle products

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP/ATP, 2 CO2

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2
Q

regulatory enzymes in citric acid cycle

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase (+ for ADP, - for NADH and ATP)

alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (- for NADH, ATP, succinyl CoA)

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3
Q

high succinyl coA will slow down…

A

ETC

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4
Q

dehydrogenase catalyzes…

A

an oxidation step

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5
Q

oxidation steps in citric acid cycle

A

4; 1 produces FADH2, 3 produce NADH

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6
Q

high ADP means energy is…

A

low

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7
Q

can i keep selling seashells for money officer?

A

pneumonic for citric acid cycle

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8
Q

acetyl-CoA starts the…

A

citric acid cycle

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9
Q

dehydrogenases in citric acid cycle

A

I AcKnowledge, SUCky Men

Isocitrate
Alpha-Keto
SUCcinate
Malate

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10
Q

ETC: 1 NADH creates…

A

2.5 ATP

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11
Q

ETC: 1 FADH2 creates…

A

1.5 ATP

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12
Q

proton gradient from ETC is in…

A

intermembrane space

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13
Q

NADH and FADH2 comes from…

A

mitochondrial matrix

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14
Q

complex I

A

NADH

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15
Q

complex II

A

FADH2

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16
Q

what happens to electrons as they pass through ETC?

A

they become lower and lower in free energy hence why they are passed on

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17
Q

final electron acceptor

A

removes low energy electron and binds them to free H+ to form water

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18
Q

synthesis of ATP in mitochondria is driven by…

A

a protein gradient

reoxidation of NADH and FADH2 indirectly creates a protein gradient

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19
Q

ATP synthase

A

“complex V”

carnival ride (subunit C) - loads H+ and rotates to power the rest

beta subunit - ATP produced

alpha subunit - stabilize the beta subunits

loose: ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) are mingling (ADP + Pi)

tight: ADP and Pi bind to produce ATP

open: ATP released

conformations change by rotating of the gamma stalk caused by rotating of C subunit

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20
Q

stator

A

holds ATP synthase in place

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21
Q

E cell

A

E red - (E ox)

PLUG IN AS GIVEN

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22
Q

what is oxidized? what is reduced? spontaneous reaction?

A

OIL RIG - use this to figure out what goes on which side of balanced equation

pick the half reaction with more negative potential (lower E value) will be oxidized

greater E value will be reduced

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23
Q

g deg: phosphorylase action

A

MAIN ENZYME: asdjfa;dkj

cleaves alpha 1,4 linkages and creates glu-1-phosphate

will cleave 7-8 glucose monomers (whatever is 4 monomers away from the branch)

glu-1-phos –> glu-6-phos by phos

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24
Q

phosphoglucomutase

A

g1p –> g6p

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25
Q

branch of glycogen

A

alpha 1,6 linkage

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26
Q

g6p + water

A

glucose + inorganic phosphate

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27
Q

once glycogen cleaved by g1p…

A

4 glucose monomers still attached - NOT wanted!

transferase! takes 3 from the end and puts on end of glycogen chain

alpha 1,6 glucosidase cleaves using water to create FREE GLUCOSE with the one that remained after the transferase passed through

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28
Q

after degradation, phosphorylase…

A

keeps cleaving the glycogen chain until it reaches the core

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29
Q

glycogen synthesis

A

MAIN ENZYME: glycogen synthase

first, need to activate! with UDP glucose (glucose + UTP = UDP)

synthase transfers glucose from UDP glucose onto growing chain

glycogenin is the CORE - autoglycosylation can also transfer glucose (essentially, can participate in chain elongation)

adds 7-8 monomers to core

long chain isn’t convenient!! we must branch

branching enzyme! takes added glucose monomers and creates alpha 1,6 linkage to the 4th carbon from the right end of the core

next branching point much be at least 4 units away from the last branching points

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30
Q

a to b

A

covalent modification (something is getting phosphorylated)

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31
Q

T to R

A

allosteric modification (something about external factors will affect being pushed into these states)

32
Q

most active

A

phosphorylase a (phosphorylated) in R state

33
Q

least active

A

phosphorylase b in T state

34
Q

T state

A

active site is covered

35
Q

phosphorylase b

A

not phosphorylated

36
Q

liver is source of…

A

glucose mobilized between meals; liver stores glucose

phosphorylase a is dominant

37
Q

muscle…

A

energy reserve for muscle control; muscle CANNOT supply glucose because it does not contain glucose-6-phosphatase

phosphorylase b is dominant

38
Q

high conc of glucose reverts…

A

R to T state since a high conc of glucose means that the liver doesn’t need to call on glycogen stores

39
Q

high AMP means we need energy

A

R state which pushes forward glycogen degradation

40
Q

high ATP means…

A

energy is needed

41
Q

what does protein kinase A do?

A

phosphorylates!!

42
Q

reciprocal regulation of glu deg and syn

A

protein kinase A and protein phosphatase 1

43
Q

protein kinase A

A

phosphorylates through turning on kinases

glycogen phosphorylase (b–>a)

glycogen synthase (a–>b)

starts the breakdown of glycogen because we need energy in the form of free glucose

phosphorylase <3 phosphorylation

44
Q

protein phosphatase 1

A

dephosphorylates!

glycogen phosphorylase (a–>b)
glycogen synthase (b–>a)

starts glycogen synthesis to make glycogen and remove stores of free glucose

45
Q

hormones

A

act on kinases

46
Q

insulin

A

means high glucose level

start glucose synthesis

glycogen synthase kinase!! will become inactivated when insulin is high to produce glycogen to keep synthase in the a state

inactivated by covalent modification through phosphorylation

47
Q

glucagon and epinephrine

A

send out same signal

low glucose level (glucose is gone)

48
Q

phosphorylatine

A

activates phosphorylase kinase BUT inactivates

49
Q

glycogenesis enzymes

A

glycogen synthase

branching enzyme

50
Q

glycogenolysis

A

glycogen phosphorylase

transferase

alpha 1,6 glucosidase

51
Q

PPP phases/products

A

phase 1: oxidative phase - make NADPH

phase 2: non oxidative phase - makes 5C sugars (ribose-5-phosphate)

52
Q

mode 1

A

when we need ribose 5 phosphate MORE than NADPH

non-oxidative phase

cell division since r5p is needed MUCH more

53
Q

mode 2

A

need ribose 5 phosphate and NADPH equally

oxidative phase then an isomerase to transform ribulose to ribose

ex: when cell is rapidly dividing since r5p is needed for nucleotide materials and NADPH for biosynthetic needs - would more need r5p MORE but still “equal” - acceptable answer according to labrake

54
Q

mode 3

A

need lots of NADPH&raquo_space; r5p

oxidative state - easy

isomerase will create r5p but we do not need it!

end up with glycolysis intermediates that can go into further oxidative steps go into gluconeogenesis (??)

repeat until cell is happy

needed when synthesizing fatty acids

55
Q

mode 4

A

need NADP and ATP

oxidative state

glycolysis intermediates and go forth with glycolysis

will create pyruvate for citric acid cycle and electron transport chain to make ATP

needed during oxidative stress

56
Q

NADPH

A

reduces reactive oxidative species

57
Q

PPP effectors

A

NADP+ (+)

fatty acid acyl CoA (-)

NADPH (-)

58
Q

first step of PPP

A

dehydration of glucose-6-phosphate

59
Q

how much more ATP is generated from glucose-6-phosphate, compared to glucose, when it is metabolized by the glycolytic pathway?

A

1

glycolysis: 4 ATP products- 2 ATP react = 2 net ATP

starting at g6p: 4 - 1 = 3

therefore 1 more is generated

why? we skip the first reaction that takes an ATP (????)

60
Q

glutathione protects against

A

reactive oxidative species

61
Q

fatty acid synthesis

A
  1. transport from mitochondria: acyl-conitine
  2. activation
62
Q

acc1 and 2

A

regulated covalently and allosterically

63
Q

acc1

A

cytosol

64
Q

acc2

A

mitochondria

65
Q

inhibition of acc2 will…

A

push forward beta oxidation; therefore, negative effectors of acc2 will push it forward

66
Q

fatty acid synthesis

A

acetyl coA in mitochondria is converted to citrate and transported to cytoplasm where it is reconverted

67
Q

insulin dephos….

A

acc1 and acc2 become active

68
Q

activation of FA

A

acyl-coA synthetase - ATP is required

69
Q

steps of beta oxidation

A

oxidation

hydration

oxidation

thiolase

70
Q

products of beta oxidation

A

1 nadh, 1 fadh, 1 acyl coa

71
Q

example where glucose in the body is low: prolonged starvation

A

ketone bodies can be used as alt source of energy!

especially important for the brain!

keto diet is meant for epilepsy

72
Q

nutritional ketosis

A

not that bad but can’t last forever because it makes the blood acidic

73
Q

ketoacidosis

A

dangerous for individuals with type 1 diabetes

74
Q

which ketone body contributes the most energy

A

3-hydroxybutyrate

75
Q

complex that does not contribute to proton gradient

A

complex ii

UT BCH 369 (2 decks)

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