Exam 3 Vocab (only new material) Flashcards
1
Q
peer groups
A
groups of individuals of approximately the same age.
2
Q
age grading
A
the process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of age.
3
Q
baby boom
A
the period following World War II, during which the number of infants born was extremely large.
4
Q
postfigurative cultures
A
cultures in which the socialization of young people is done primarily by adults.
5
Q
cofigurative cultures
A
cultures in which young people are socialized both by adults and by each other.
6
Q
prefigurative cultures
A
cultures in which society is changing so quickly that adults are frequently socialized by young people, rather than the reverse.
7
Q
cliques
A
small, tightly knit groups of between 2 and 12 friends, generally of the same sex and age.
8
Q
crowds
A
large, loosely organized groups of young people, composed of several cliques and typically organized around a common shared activity.
9
Q
reference group
A
a group against which an individual compares him or herself.
10
Q
gangs
A
organized peer groups of antisocial individuals.
11
Q
iatrogenic effects
A
unintended adverse consequences of a treatment or intervention.
12
Q
sociometric popularity
A
how well-liked an individual is.
13
Q
perceived popularity
A
how much status or prestige an individual has.
14
Q
proactive aggression
A
aggressive behavior that is deliberate and planned.
15
Q
reactive aggression
A
aggressive behavior that is unplanned and impulsive.
16
Q
relational aggression
A
acts intended to harm another through the manipulation of his or her relationships with others, as in malicious gossip.
17
Q
hostile attribution bias
A
the tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile.
18
Q
cyberbullying
A
bullying that occurs over the Internet or via cell phones.
19
Q
platonic relationships
A
nonsexual relationships with individuals who might otherwise be romantic partners.
20
Q
attachment
A
the strong affectional bond that develops between an infant and a caregiver.
21
Q
secure attachment
A
a healthy attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by trust.
22
Q
anxious-avoidant attachment
A
an insecure attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by indifference on the part of the infant toward the caregiver.
23
Q
anxious-resistant attachment
A
an insecure attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by distress at separation and anger at reunion.
24
Q
disorganized attachment
A
a relationship between infant and caregiver characterized by the absence of normal attachment behavior
25
internal working model
the implicit model of interpersonal relationships that an individual employs throughout life, believed to be shaped by early attachment experiences.
26
rejection sensitivity
heightened vulnerability to being rejected by others.
27
adult attachment interview
a structured interview used to assess an individual's past attachment history and internal working model of relationships.
28
co-rumination
excessive talking with another about problems.
29
reaffilliation motive
the normal and adaptive motivation that most of us have, which prompts us to reconnect with others when we feel lonely.
30
social support
the extent to which an individual receives emotional or instrumental assistance from his or her social network.
31
LGBTQ youth
lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning youth, sometimes referred to as sexual-minority youth.
32
sexual-minority youth
lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ youth)
33
intergenerational transmission of violence
the frequently observed connection between exposure to domestic violence while growing up and later violence in adolescents' own romantic relationships.
34
autoerotic behavior
sexual behavior that is experienced alone, such as masturbation or sexual fantasizing.
35
risk factors
factors that increase the likelihood of some behavior or condition.
36
testosterone
one of the sex hormones secreted by the gonads, found in both sexes but in higher levels among males than females.
37
sexual socialization
the process through which adolescents are exposed to and educated about sexuality.
38
date rape
being forced by a date to have sex against one's will.
39
long-acting reversible contraception (LARC)
methods of birth control that provide effective contraception for several years without requiring users to maintain them once they have been put in place, such as intrauterine devices (IUDs) and subdermal contraceptive implants.
40
sexually transmitted disease (STD)
any of a group of infections; including HPV, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, herpes, chlamydia, and AIDS; passed on through sexual contact.
41
gonorrhea
a sexually transmitted infection caused by a bacterium.
42
chlamydia
a sexually transmitted infection caused by a bacterium.
43
herpes
a sexually transmitted infection caused by a virus.
44
human papillomavirus (HPV)
one of several viruses that causes a sexually transmitted disease.
45
trichomoniasis
a sexually transmitted infection caused by a parasite.
46
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
a disease, caused by a virus transmitted by means of bodily fluids, that devastates the immune system
47
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
the virus associated with AIDS.
48
judicial bypass
a regulation in many states that allows adolescents who want to abort a pregnancy but who are unwilling or unable to involve their own parents in the decision to obtain permission from a judge to seek an abortion.
49
comprehensive sex education
programs that not only provide information about contraceptions, STDs, and pregnancy but also teach adolescences how to refuse unwanted sex and avoid unintended sex, increase their motivation to engage in safe sex, and change perceptions about peer norms and attitudes.
50
abstinence-only sex education
programs that encourage adolescents to avoid sexual activity but that do not provide information about safe sex.
51
substance abuse
the misuse of alcohol or other drugs to a degree that causes problems in the individual's life.
52
externalizing disorders
psychosocial problems that are manifested in a turning of the symptoms outward, as in aggression or delinquency.
53
internalizing disorders
psychosocial problems that are manifested in a turning of the symptoms inward, as in depression or anxiety.
54
comorbid
co-occurring, as when an individual has more than one problem at the same time.
55
problem behavior syndrome
the covariation among various types of externalizing disorders believed to result from an underlying trait of unconventionality.
56
social control theory
a theory of delinquency that links deviance with the absence of bonds to society's main institutions.
57
negative emotionality
the presumed underlying cause of internalizing disorders, characterized by high levels of subjective distress.
58
anhedonic
having difficulty experiencing positive emotions, a risk factor for depression.
59
Monitoring the Future
an annual survey of a nationwide sample of American 8th-, 10th-, and 12th- graders, mainly knowing for its data on adolescent substance use.
60
binge drinking
consuming five or more drinks in a row on one occasion, an indicatory of alcohol abuse.
61
gateway drugs
drugs that, when used over time, lead to the use of other, more dangerous substances.
62
developmental trajectories
patterns of change over time.
63
protective factors
factors that limit individual vulnerability to harm.
64
dopamine
a neurotransmitter especially important in the brain circuits that regulate the experience of reward.
65
conduct disorder
a repetitive and persistent pattern of antisocial behavior that results in problems at school or work, or in relationships with others.
66
oppositional-defiant disorder
a disorder of childhood and adolescence characterized by excessive anger, spite, and stubbornness.
67
antisocial personality disorder
a disorder of adulthood characterized by antisocial behavior and persistent disregard for the rules of society and the rights of others.
68
psychopaths
individuals who are not only antisocial but also manipulative, superficially charming, impulsive, and indifferent to the feelings of others.
69
callous-unemotional traits (CU)
a cluster of traits characteristic of psychopathic individuals, which includes a lack of empathy and indifference toward the feelings of others.
70
aggression
acts done to be intentionally harmful.
71
juvenile offending
an externalizing problem that includes delinquency and criminal behavior.
72
delinquency
juvenile offending that is process within the juvenile justice system.
73
criminal behavior
crimes that are dealt with in the criminal justice system, regardless of the age of the offender.
74
status offenses
violations of the law that pertain to minors but not adults
75
age-crime curve
the relationship between chronological age and offending, showing that the prevalence of offending peaks in late adolescence.
76
authority conflicts
a type of antisocial behavior characterized by stubbornness and rebeliousness.
77
cover antisocial behavior
a type of antisocial behavior characterized by misdeeds that are not always detected by others, such as lying or stealing.
78
overt antisocial behavior
a type of antisocial behavior characterized by aggression toward others.
79
life-course-persistent offenders
individuals who begin demonstrating antisocial or aggressive behavior during childhood and continue their antisocial behavior throughout adolescence and into adulthood.
80
adolescence-limited offenders
antisocial adolescents whose delinquent or violent behavior begins and ends during adolescence.
81
hostile attributional bias
the tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile.
82
evidence-based practices
programs and practices that have a proven scientific basis.
83
multisystemic family therapy
an intervention designed to reduce antisocial behavior that has been proven to be effective.
84
depression
a psychological disturbance characterized by low self-esteem, decreased motivation, sadness, and difficulty in finding pleasure in formerly pleasurable activities.
85
oxytocin
a hormone known to influence emotional bonding to others.
86
suicidal ideation
thinking about ending one's life.
87
non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)
deliberate attempts to hurt oneself in nonlethal ways, including cutting or burning one's skin.
88
suicide contagion
the process through which learning about another's suicide can lead people to try to take their own lives.
89
diathesis-stress model of depression
a perspective on depression that posits that problems are the result of an interaction between a preexisting condition (the diathesis) and exposure to a stressful event or condition.
90
neuroendocrine
referring to activity in the brain and nervous system.
91
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
a type of psychotherapy, commonly used to treat depression and anxiety, in which the focus is on changing maladaptive and habitual patterns of thinking and acting.
92
interpersonal therapy (IPT)
a type of psychotherapy, commonly used to treat depression and anxiety, in which the focus is on changing dysfunctional patterns of interacting with others.
93
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
a class of antidepressant medications that have proven to be effective with adolescents suffering from internalizing problems, such as depression.
94
resilience
the ability of an individual to continue to function competently in the face of adversity or stress.
95
primary control strategies
coping strategies in which an individual attempts to change the stressor.
96
secondary control strategies
coping strategies that involve attempts by the individual to adapt to the stressor.
