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Microanatomy > Exam 3- The Hepatobiliary System, Gall Bladder and Pancreas > Flashcards

Exam 3- The Hepatobiliary System, Gall Bladder and Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the point of tight junctions between hepatocytes?

A

to separate the biliary secretion from the blood supply

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2
Q

T/F: the arrangment of hepatocytes maximizes their area of contact with blood.

A

True!

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3
Q

Branching of the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery leads to ________, the functional units within the liver.

A

the liver lobules

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4
Q

What are three liver lobules?

A

classical lobule, portal lobule, and acinar lobule

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5
Q

The classic lobule is ______ in shape and has plates of _______ arranged radially around a _______.

A

hexagonal; hepatocytes; central vein

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6
Q

What are at each vertices of the hegaonal classical tubule? (3)

A
  • interlobular vessels (hepatic protal vein + hepatic artery)
  • bile duct
  • Space of Mall (lymphatic Space)
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7
Q

What makes up the portal triad? (two)

A

-interlobular vessels + bile duct

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8
Q

What distributes blood into the sinusoids between the plates of haptocytes?

A

Distributing or perilobular branches (branches from the interlobular vessels)

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9
Q

Describe the thickness of the hepatic plate

A

it is one hepatocyte cell thick so that two side of hepatocytes are exposed to plasma

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10
Q

A network of tiny bile canaliculi run within the plates of hepatocytes, sealed from exposure to the blood by _______ between hepatocytes.

A

zonulae occludens

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11
Q

What is the “bile secretory” functional unit of the liver lobule?

A

The portal lobule

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12
Q

Describe the portal lobule….

A

a zone of tissue around a bile duct into which a group of bile canaliculi feed- “bile Secretory” function unit

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13
Q

What functional unit of the liver lobule is involved with blood delivery?

A

The Acinar Lobule

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14
Q

The axis of the acinar lobule:
_____: lies between two portal triads
_____: lies between two central veins

A

“short axis”; “long axis”

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15
Q

The distributing branches of the interlobular vessels run along the “edges” of a ________, but run along the ______ of the acinar lobule.

A

classical lobule; “short axis”

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16
Q

Where does glycogen tend to accumulate more efficiently in hepatocytes?

A

the central zone of the acinar lobule

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17
Q

Exposure to toxins leads to degeneration nearest the _______, but lack of oxygenation or nutrients affects hepatocytes neaures the _____.

A

distributing vessels; central veins

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18
Q

What are three liver lobules?

A

classical lobule, portal lobule, and acinar lobule

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19
Q

What are the functions of hepatocytes? (4)

A
  • take up glucose/ converts into glycogen
  • produce major blood proteins
  • detoxifies by conjugating w/ glucuronic acid
  • takes up bilibrubin from the spleen
20
Q

What are the major blood proteins produced by hepatocytes?

A

albumin, glycoproteins (fibrinogen/ prothrombin) and lipoproteins

21
Q

How does hepatocytes detoxify lipid-soluble toxins?

A

conjugates them with glucuronic acid

22
Q

Excess cholesterol is eliminated in ____.

A

bile

23
Q

What are 3 characteristics of the hepatocyte plasma membrane?

A
  • microvilli (aids in absorptive process)
  • every hepatocyte exposed to plasma components
  • contains secretory organelles (rough/smooth ER, golgi, secretory vesicles, lysosomes/ peroxisomes, lipid droplets)
24
Q

What are the functions of hepatocytes? (4)

A
  • take up glucose/ converts into glycogen
  • produce major blood proteins
  • detoxifies by conjugating w/ glucuronic acid
  • takes up bilibrubin from the spleen
25
Q

Hepatocytes facing the sinusoids have what type of endothelial cells? What’s the purpose of it?

A

fenestrated

26
Q

The fenestrated epithelium of hepatocytes facing the sinusoids allows/ disallows what to pass?

A

allows- plasma components/ lipoproteins

disallows- RBCs

27
Q

The space between endothelial cells and the hepatocyte is called the _________, which contains a meshwork of _______ that provides support for the sheets of hepatic cells, endothelial cells on top of them and Kupffer Cells.

A

perisinusoidal space (space of Disse); reticular fibers

28
Q

What’s the point of the meshwork of reticular fibers within the perisinusoidal space (space of Disse)

A

provides support for the sheets of hepatic cells, endothelial cells on top of them and Kupffer Cells.

29
Q

What’s the function of Kupffer cells? How are they distinguishable from the standard endothelial cells?

A

they play a defense role in the liver

they have larger nuclei and phagocytizes particulate materials (look for in histology)

30
Q

Bile Salts are cholate derivatives that contains what? (6)

A

cholesterol, phospholipids, electrolytes, bilirubin glucuronides, proteins and dimeric IgA

31
Q

Bile canaliculi are surrounded by plasma membranes of adjacent hepatocytes with extensive microvilli in the lumen. Here, hepatocytes are connected by _________ to prevent what?

A

tight junctions; prevents leakage of bile

32
Q

Bile canaliculi lead to ______, which are surrounded by a cuboidal layer of epithelial cells and have microvillar projections into the lumen.

A

canals of Hering

33
Q

Bile salts are largely recycled. How?

A

when they pass through the intestine, they are reabsorbed by the intestinal mucosa and taken up by the liver

34
Q

What the steps of bile canaliculi leading to the common hepatic duct (6 total)

A

Bile Canaliculi > Canals of Hering > Interlobular Bile Ducts > Lobar Ducts > Common Hepatic Duct

NOTE- all of the epithelial cells have numerous microvilli and are involved in electrolyte transport and absorption of H2O

35
Q

Descrribe the epithelial lining of the interlobular bile ducts as it forms into the lobar ducts.

A

it is initially cuboidal but becomes columnar as the ducts fuse

36
Q

The gall bladder is connected to the common hepatic duct via the ________; these ducts fuse to form the _______ that joins the pancreatic duct and enters the duodenum.

A

cystic duct; common bile duct

37
Q

What are two sphincters that control bile release into the duodenum?

A

The sphincter choledochus/ spincter of Boyden (before entry of the pancreatic duct) and the sphincter of Oddi (after entry of the pancreatic duct)

38
Q

What leads to bile secretion? How does it do this?

A

Cholecystokinen; it releases enteroendocrine cells to induce gall bladder contraction and spincter relaxation

39
Q

The _______ stores and concentrates bile.

A

Gall Bladder

40
Q

Describe the apical surface and basolateral surfaces of the gall bladder.

A

Apical Surface- extensively folded mucosal layer; numerous microvilli and tight junctions

Basolateral Surface- folded to allow transport of solt into the BL spaces between cells; H2O will follow (via osmosis)

41
Q

What are two hormones produced by enteroendorcine cells of the small intestine that controls secretion of the exocrine pancrease?

A

secretin and cholecystokinin

42
Q

What helps neutralize stomach acid?

A

pancreatic secretion (bicarbonate-rish solution) secreted by pancreatic ducts

43
Q

What are the functional units of pancreatic exocrine cells? describe them

A

acini- polarized epithelial arranged around a central lumen that joins a duct

44
Q

________ represent the beginning of the pancreatic duct system.

A

Centroacinar cells

45
Q

T/F: hydrolytic enzymes synthesized by the pancrease are in the active form. They includ trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase, and triacyl-glycerol lipase.

A

False; IN-ACTIVE form

46
Q

What are 5 enzymes produced by hydrolytic enzymes of the pancrease?

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase, and triacyl-glycerol lipase

47
Q

What’s the function of bile salts?

A

emulsify fat

Microanatomy (2 decks)

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