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Bio 100 > Exam 3 Terms > Flashcards

Exam 3 Terms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

adaptations

A

accumulated diverse modifications

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2
Q

evolution

A

the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species

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3
Q

strata

A

layers of rock

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4
Q

paleontologists

A

scientists who study fossils

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5
Q

fossil record

A

the chronicle of evolution over millions of years of geologic time engraved in the order in which fossils appear in rock strata

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6
Q

homology

A

similarity resulting from common ancestry

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7
Q

homologous structures

A

features that often have different function but are structurally similar because of common ancestry

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8
Q

molecular biology

A

the study of the molecular basis of genes and gene expression

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9
Q

vestigial structures

A

remnants of features that served important functions in the organism’s ancestors

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10
Q

evolutionary tree

A

a way representing patterns of descent

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11
Q

artificial selection

A

selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the occurrences of desirable traits in the offspring

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12
Q

population

A

a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed

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13
Q

microevolution

A

a change in a gene pool

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14
Q

gene pool

A

consists of all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population

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15
Q

Hardy-Weinberg principle

A

the frequency of each allele in the gene pool will remain constant unless other factors are operating

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16
Q

genetic drift

A

chance events can cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next

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17
Q

bottleneck effect

A

catastrophes that kills a large number of individuals leaving a small surviving population that is unlikely to have the same genetic makeup as the original population

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18
Q

founder effect

A

when a few individuals colonize an island or other new habitat

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19
Q

gene flow

A

a population may gan or lose allele when fertile individuals move into or out of a population or when gametes are transferred between populations

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20
Q

stabilizing selection

A

favors intermediate phenotypes

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21
Q

directional selection

A

shifts the overall makeup of the population by acting against individuals at one of the phenotypic extremes

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22
Q

disruptive selection

A

typically occurs when environmental conditions vary in a way that favors individuals at both ends

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23
Q

sexual selection

A

a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain traits are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates

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24
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

distinction in appearance

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25
Q

balancing selection

A

occurs when natural selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population

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26
Q

heterozygote advantage

A

a type of balancing section in which heterozygous individuals have greater reproductive success than either type of homozygote

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27
Q

frequency-dependent selection

A

a type of balancing selection that maintains two different phenotypic forms in a population

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28
Q

biological species concept

A

a species as a group of populations whose member have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring

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29
Q

reproductive isolation

A

prevents genetic exchange and maintains boundary between species

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30
Q

hybrids

A

distinct species that do occasionally interbreed create these

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31
Q

morphological species concept

A

used to identify most of the 1.8 million species that have been named to date

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32
Q

ecological species concept

A

identifies species in terms of their ecological niches

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33
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor

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34
Q

allopatric speciation

A

initial block to gene flow may come from a geographic barrier that isolates a population

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35
Q

sympatric speciation

A

a new species arise within the same geographic area as its parent species

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36
Q

polyploid

A

species that contain cells that have more than two complete sets of chromosomes

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37
Q

adaptive radiation

A

the evolution of many diverse species from a common ancestor

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38
Q

hybrid zones

A

regions in which members of different species meet and mate

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39
Q

reinforcement

A

when hybrid offspring are less fit than members of both parent species we might expect natural selection to strengthen or reinforce reproductive barriers

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40
Q

fusion

A

so much gene flow cause the speciation process to reverse, causing the tow hybridizing species to fuse into one

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41
Q

stability

A

when each specie maintains its own integrity // when species only occasionally interbreed

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42
Q

punctuated equilibria

A

long periods of little apparent morphological change

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43
Q

phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of a species or group of species

44
Q

convergent evolution

A

species from different evolutionary branches come to resemble one another

45
Q

analogy

A

similarity due to convergent evolution

46
Q

systematics

A

a discipline of biology that focuses on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships

47
Q

taxonomy

A

a system of naming and classifying species

48
Q

the Linnaean system

A

species –> genus –> family –> orders –> classes –> phyla –> kingdoms –> domains

49
Q

taxon

A

a unit at any level in the Linnaean system

50
Q

phylogenetic trees

A

depict hypotheses about the evolutionary history of species

51
Q

clades

A

a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

52
Q

monophyletic

A

an inclusive group of ancestor and descendants

53
Q

shared ancestral character

A

trait that originated in an ancestor

54
Q

shared derived character

A

trait shared by a group but not found in their ancestors

55
Q

molecular systematics

A

uses DNA or other molecules to infer relatedness

56
Q

molecular clock

A

a method that estimates the time required for a given amount of evolutionary change

57
Q

three-domain system

A

two domains of prokaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea, and one domain of eukaryotes

58
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

a process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another throw mechanisms such as viral infection and plasmid exchange

59
Q

paleoanthropology

A

the study of human origins and evolution

60
Q

hominins

A

species that are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees

61
Q

biotic factors

A

living component of the environment

62
Q

abiotic factors

A

environment’s nonliving component

63
Q

levels of ecology

A

organism, population, community, ecosystem, landscapes, biosphere

64
Q

doldrums

A

area of light wind created by moist air rising at the equator

65
Q

trade winds

A

when dry air descends, some of it spreads back toward the equator

66
Q

temperate zones

A

the latitudes between the tropics and the arctic circle in the north and the antarctic circle in the south

67
Q

prevailing winds

A

result from using and falling of air

68
Q

westerlies

A

winds that blow from west to east

69
Q

ocean currents

A

river-like flow patterns in the ocean

70
Q

biomes

A

major types of ecological associations that occupy broad geographic regions of land or water

71
Q

population ecology

A

changes in population size and the factor that regulate populations over time

72
Q

population density

A

number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume

73
Q

dispersion pattern

A

refers to the way individuals are spaced within their area

74
Q

clumped dispersion pattern

A

individuals are grouped into patches – most common in nature

75
Q

uniform dispersion pattern

A

an even one

76
Q

random dispersion pattern

A

individuals are spaced in an unpredictable way

77
Q

life tables

A

track survivorship

78
Q

survivorship curves

A

plots survivorship as the proportion of individuals from an initial population that are alive at each age

79
Q

density-dependent factors

A

limiting factors whose intensity is related to population density

80
Q

intraspecific competition

A

competition between individuals of the same species for limited resources

81
Q

density-independent factors

A

a population-limiting factor whose intensity is unrelated to population density

82
Q

life history

A

traits that affect an organisms schedule of reproduction and death

83
Q

r-selection

A

these species have advantage is unpredictable habitats

84
Q

K-selection

A

adapt to environments with stable climate

85
Q

community

A

an assemblage of all of the populations

86
Q

interspecific interactions

A

relationships with individuals of other species in the community

87
Q

mutualism

A

both populations benefit (+/+)

88
Q

predation

A

predator kills and eats the prey (+/-)

89
Q

herbivory

A

Consumption of plant parts or algae by an animal. Both plants and animals may be victimized (+/-)

90
Q

trophic structure

A

a pattern of feeding relationships

91
Q

food chain

A

sequence of food tranfer

92
Q

producers

A

“self-feeders” (bottom)

93
Q

primary consumers

A

herbivores, which eat plants, algae, or phytoplankton

94
Q

secondary consumers

A

eat consumers (insects) from the level below (small mammals)

95
Q

tertiary consumers

A

eat consumers (mice) from the level below (snakes)

96
Q

quaternary consumers

A

eat consumers from the level below (hawks and killer whales)

97
Q

detritus

A

the dead material produced at all the trophic levels

98
Q

scavengers

A

crows and vultures feats on carcasses left behind by predators

99
Q

detritivores

A

earthworms and millipedes

100
Q

decomposers

A

mainly prokaryotes and fungi, secrete enzymes that digest molecules in organic material and convert them to inorganic forms

101
Q

energy flow

A

the passage of energy through the components of the ecosystem

102
Q

chemical cycling

A

the transfer of materials within the ecosystem

103
Q

the carbon cycle

A

1) photosynthesis removes CO2
2) plants, algae -> primary consumers -> higher-level consumers
3) cellular respiration returns CO2 to atmosphere
4) decomposers break down the carbon compounds
5) burning of wood and fossil fuel raises levels of CO2

104
Q

the phosphorus cycle

A

depends on the weathering of rock

105
Q

the nitrogen cycle

A

depends on bacteria

106
Q

biodiversity

A

encompasses more that individual species

Bio 100 (1 decks)

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