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BIO 211 > Exam 3 Terms > Flashcards

Exam 3 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a stable internal environment.

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2
Q

Set point

A

The target value of a physiological state that the body tries to maintain.

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3
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

A system where a change triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.

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4
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

A system where a change triggers a response that amplifies the initial change.

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5
Q

Thermoregulation

A

The process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.

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6
Q

Ectotherms

A

Organisms that rely on external sources of heat to regulate their body temperature.

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7
Q

Endotherms

A

Organisms that generate heat internally to maintain body temperature.

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8
Q

Radiation

A

Emission of electromagnetic waves, such as heat from the sun.

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9
Q

Conduction

A

Transfer of heat through direct contact.

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10
Q

Convection

A

Transfer of heat by movement of air or liquid past a surface.

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11
Q

Evaporation

A

Loss of heat as a liquid changes to a gas.

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12
Q

Insulation

A

Materials that reduce the rate of heat exchange.

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13
Q

Brown adipose tissue

A

Specialized fat tissue that generates heat.

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14
Q

Vasodilation

A

Expansion of blood vessels to increase heat loss.

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15
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of blood vessels to reduce heat loss.

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16
Q

Countercurrent exchange

A

The transfer of heat or solutes between fluids flowing in opposite directions.

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17
Q

Acclimatization

A

Physiological adjustment to environmental changes.

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18
Q

Solute

A

A substance dissolved in another substance.

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19
Q

Solution

A

A liquid mixture where a solute is uniformly distributed.

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20
Q

Equilibrium

A

A state where opposing forces are balanced.

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21
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Solution with a higher solute concentration compared to another.

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22
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Solution with equal solute concentration as another.

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23
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Solution with lower solute concentration compared to another.

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24
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Control of water and solute balance in organisms.

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25
Osmoregulator
An organism that actively regulates its internal osmolarity.
26
Osmoconformer
An organism whose internal osmolarity matches its environment.
27
Monomer
A small chemical unit that makes up a polymer.
28
Polymer
A large molecule made up of repeating monomers.
29
Carbohydrate
Biological molecule made of sugar molecules.
30
Lipid
Hydrophobic biological molecule, including fats and oils.
31
Protein
Biological molecule made of amino acid chains.
32
Nucleic acid
Biological molecules like DNA and RNA.
33
Vitamins
Organic molecules required in small amounts for metabolism.
34
Minerals
Inorganic elements needed by living organisms.
35
Herbivore
An animal that eats plants.
36
Carnivore
An animal that eats other animals.
37
Omnivore
An animal that eats both plants and animals.
38
Filter feeder
Organism that strains food from water.
39
Substrate feeder
Organism that lives in or on its food source.
40
Fluid feeder
Organism that sucks nutrient-rich fluids.
41
Bulk feeder
Organism that eats relatively large pieces of food.
42
Insulin
Hormone that lowers blood glucose levels.
43
Glucagon
Hormone that raises blood glucose levels.
44
Glycogen
Storage form of glucose in animals.
45
Diabetes
Disease where blood glucose regulation is impaired.
46
Open circulatory system
Circulatory system where fluid is not entirely enclosed in vessels.
47
Closed circulatory system
Circulatory system where blood is confined to vessels.
48
Arteries
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
49
Arterioles
Small branches of arteries leading to capillaries.
50
Capillaries
Tiny blood vessels where exchange of substances occurs.
51
Venules
Small vessels that collect blood from capillaries.
52
Veins
Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.
53
Atrium
Heart chamber that receives blood.
54
Ventricle
Heart chamber that pumps blood out of the heart.
55
Single circulation
Blood passes through the heart once per circuit.
56
Double circulation
Blood passes through the heart twice per circuit.
57
Pulmonary arteries
Carry deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs.
58
Aorta
Main artery carrying oxygenated blood to the body.
59
Partial pressure
Pressure exerted by a single gas in a mixture.
60
External respiration
Gas exchange between environment and blood.
61
Internal respiration
Gas exchange between blood and tissues.
62
Tracheal system
Respiratory system of insects consisting of tubes.
63
Alveoli
Tiny sacs in lungs for gas exchange.
64
Endocrine signaling
Hormone signals sent through the bloodstream.
65
Hormones
Chemical messengers secreted into the blood.
66
Peptide hormones
Hormones composed of amino acids.
67
Amine hormones
Hormones derived from amino acids.
68
Hypothalamus
Brain region controlling the pituitary gland.
69
Pituitary gland
Gland that controls other endocrine glands.
70
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord.
71
Peripheral nervous system
Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.
72
Neurons
Nerve cells that transmit signals.
73
Dendrites
Branches that receive signals from other neurons.
74
Cell body
Main part of a neuron containing the nucleus.
75
Axon
Long fiber that carries signals away from the neuron cell body.
76
Synaptic terminals
Endings of axons where signals are transmitted.
77
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers between neurons.
78
Motor neurons
Neurons that carry signals to muscles.
79
Interneurons
Neurons that connect other neurons within the CNS.
80
Sensory neurons
Neurons that carry signals from sensory organs to the CNS.
81
Resting membrane potential
Electrical charge difference across the neuron's membrane at rest.
82
Graded polarization
Small changes in membrane potential.
83
Action potential
Large, rapid change in membrane potential.
84
Pathogens
Microorganisms that cause disease.
85
Nonspecific immunity
General defense mechanisms.
86
Lysozyme
Enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls.
87
Inflammatory response
Response to infection or injury involving redness and swelling.
88
Mast cell
Cell that releases histamine during inflammatory responses.
89
Histamine
Chemical causing blood vessels to expand and become leaky.
90
Phagocytosis
Engulfing of particles by cells.
91
Specific immunity
Immune responses targeting specific pathogens.
92
Antigen
Substance that triggers an immune response.
93
Humoral response
Immune response involving antibodies.
94
MHC
Molecules presenting antigens on cell surfaces.
95
B cells
Lymphocytes that produce antibodies.
96
Helper T cells
Cells that activate B and T cells.
97
Memory B cells
Cells that remember a pathogen for faster response.
98
Plasma cells
B cells that produce antibodies.
99
Antibodies
Proteins that bind to specific antigens.
100
Cell-mediated response
Immune response involving T cells.
101
Cytotoxic T cells
Cells that kill infected cells.
102
Vaccines
Substances that stimulate immune memory without causing disease.
103
Sensory reception
Detection of stimuli by sensory cells.
104
Sensory transduction
Conversion of stimulus energy into electrical signals.
105
Thermoreceptors
Sensors detecting temperature.
106
Pain receptors
Sensors detecting harmful stimuli.
107
Chemoreceptors
Sensors detecting chemical stimuli.
108
Mechanoreceptors
Sensors detecting physical deformation.
109
Hair cells
Sensory cells in the inner ear.
110
Myofibrils
Bundles of actin and myosin in muscle cells.
111
Sarcomeres
Contractile units of muscle fibers.
112
Myosin
Thick filament protein in muscle cells.
113
Actin
Thin filament protein in muscle cells.
114
Sliding filament model
Theory explaining muscle contraction.
115
Tropomyosin
Protein blocking actin binding sites in relaxed muscle.
116
Troponin
Protein that binds calcium and moves tropomyosin.

BIO 211 (3 decks)

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