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Biology 102 > Exam 3 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 3 Study Guide Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

understand multicellularity and its importance in evolution

A

eventually when unicellular cells get to small for all the nutrients that it needs to receive it transforms into multicellularity

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2
Q

the heirarachy of tissues to organ to organ system

A

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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3
Q

epithelial tissue

A

provide body surfaces physical protection and controls what substances enter and exit the body, found in digestion, respiratory, reproductive, and excretory tracts

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4
Q

connective tissue

A

examples include adipose tissue (commonly called fat), blood, and the support tissues of the skeleton such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

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5
Q

Nervous tissue

A

conducts much of the communication betweenn the brain (itself composed of nerve cells) and the rest of the body. Nerve cells send information from all over your body to the brain for processing. There are two types of nervous tissue cells; neurons which transmits nerve signals, and support cells or neuroglia; which aid the neurons

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6
Q

digestive system (function and major organs)

A

function: process food

major organs: digestive tract, liver, pancreas

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7
Q

circulatory system (function and major organs)

A

function: distribute materials internally

major organs: heart, blood vessels

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8
Q

respiratory system (function and major organs)

A

function: gas exchange

major organs: lungs and trachea

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9
Q

immune system (function and major organs)

A

function: body defense

major organs; Lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

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10
Q

excretory system (function and major organs)

A

functions- eliminate waste, regulates salts

major organs: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

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11
Q

endocrine system (function and major organs)

A

functions: hormonal coordination of body

major organs: pituitary, thyroid, pancreas

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12
Q

reproductive system (function and major organs)

A

functions: reproduction

major organs: ovaries, testes, and associated organs

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13
Q

nervous and sensory system (function and major organs)

A

functions: neural coordination of body

major organs: brain, spinal cord, sense organs

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14
Q

integumentary system (function and major organs)

A

functions: protection against injury, disease

major organs: skin and its derivatives

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15
Q

skeletal system (function and major organs)

A

functions: support protection for other organs

major organs: skeleton

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16
Q

muscular system (function and major organs)

A

function: movement and locomotion

major organs: skeletal muscles

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17
Q

CNS (central nervous system)

A

brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

A

complex net of nerves connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body

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19
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

respond to various chemicals

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20
Q

thermoreceptors

A

respond to heat

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21
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

respond to pressure

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22
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to light

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23
Q

four types of taste

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter

24
Q

what sense the two-point threshold test is used to examine

A

tests the sensitivity of pressure, mechanoreceptors

25
Q

understand heat adaption

A

adapts slowly, the cold water felt colder after immersing your finger in the hot water
Luke warm felt warmer when your finger went into the cold water

26
Q

Glaucoma

A

when ducts that allow the eye fluid to drain become blocked, the buildup of fluid increases pressure within the eye, eventually damaging the retina and leading to blindness

27
Q

Cataracts

A

caused by age-related changes to proteins in the lenses, are another common cause of vision loss and blindness

28
Q

blind spot

A

a hole where you see nothing in the visual field of each eye

29
Q

what is an astigmatism

A

have lenses that are wavy instead of flat

30
Q

conductive deafness

A

comes from damage to one or more of the structures that conveys sound waves from the outside world to the auditory receptors

31
Q

nerve deafness

A

comes from damage to either the receptor cells or the auditory

32
Q

why don’t pain receptors adapt

A

they don’t adapt because they are set there for dangerous precautions

33
Q

what is a closed system

A

the circulating liquid (hemolymph) and it is pumped by the heart through the vessels to the body

34
Q

what is an open system

A

the hemolymph does not stay in the discrete vessels

35
Q

define gas exchange

A

how the system handles one particular nutrient and its associated waste product

36
Q

what is the cause of a heart murmur

A

some backflow of blood into the atrium

37
Q

identify the parts of the heart as it pertains to blood flow

A

venae cavae, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, body

38
Q

atherosclerosis

A

the buildup of fatty deposits called plaque on the arteries, effectively narrowing the arteries diameter and restricting blood flow

39
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of the arteries

40
Q

hypertension

A

results from a loss of elasticity in blood vessels

41
Q

LDL

A

low density lipoprotein - promotes plaque formation

42
Q

HDL

A

high density lipoprotein- inhibit plaques

43
Q

what is the tract for oxygen from the mouth to the smallest parts of the lungs

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, capillaires

44
Q

Define epidemiology

A

the study of how diseases spread through populations

45
Q

why is HIV hard to detect initially

A

takes several months to build up and make detectable immune response

46
Q

explain why HIV does not directly cause death

A

HIV doesn’t cause death it’s the immunosuppression that kills you

47
Q

know the structure of DNA

A

nucleotide- phosphate, sugar, and base

48
Q

how do bases pair on DNA

A

A-T and C-G

49
Q

how does the charge of the DNA work in gel electrophoresis

A

smaller fragments of DNA move faster and migrate farther than larger fragments toward the positive charge

50
Q

what phase does DNA replicate

A

synthesis

51
Q

where does DNA replication occur

A

mitosis

52
Q

what are the defining features of a tetrapod

A

four limbed animals

53
Q

what makes reptiles able to live on land

A

first fully terrestrial vertebrates, they have waterproof skin that is covered in scales or bony plates, and therefore does not dry out

54
Q

characteristics of vertebrates

A

they have the presence of bony parts, such asx bones and scales

55
Q

what type of vision do prey have

A

monocular vision

56
Q

what type of vision do predators have

A

binocular vison

Biology 102 (4 decks)

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