Exam 3 Study Guide

Question 1

understand multicellularity and its importance in evolution

Answer 1

eventually when unicellular cells get to small for all the nutrients that it needs to receive it transforms into multicellularity

Question 2

the heirarachy of tissues to organ to organ system

Answer 2

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Question 3

epithelial tissue

Answer 3

provide body surfaces physical protection and controls what substances enter and exit the body, found in digestion, respiratory, reproductive, and excretory tracts

Question 4

connective tissue

Answer 4

examples include adipose tissue (commonly called fat), blood, and the support tissues of the skeleton such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

Question 5

Nervous tissue

Answer 5

conducts much of the communication betweenn the brain (itself composed of nerve cells) and the rest of the body. Nerve cells send information from all over your body to the brain for processing. There are two types of nervous tissue cells; neurons which transmits nerve signals, and support cells or neuroglia; which aid the neurons

Question 6

digestive system (function and major organs)

Answer 6

function: process food

major organs: digestive tract, liver, pancreas

Question 7

circulatory system (function and major organs)

Answer 7

function: distribute materials internally

major organs: heart, blood vessels

Question 8

respiratory system (function and major organs)

Answer 8

function: gas exchange

major organs: lungs and trachea

Question 9

immune system (function and major organs)

Answer 9

function: body defense

major organs; Lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

Question 10

excretory system (function and major organs)

Answer 10

functions- eliminate waste, regulates salts

major organs: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Question 11

endocrine system (function and major organs)

Answer 11

functions: hormonal coordination of body

major organs: pituitary, thyroid, pancreas

Question 12

reproductive system (function and major organs)

Answer 12

functions: reproduction

major organs: ovaries, testes, and associated organs

Question 13

nervous and sensory system (function and major organs)

Answer 13

functions: neural coordination of body

major organs: brain, spinal cord, sense organs

Question 14

integumentary system (function and major organs)

Answer 14

functions: protection against injury, disease

major organs: skin and its derivatives

Question 15

skeletal system (function and major organs)

Answer 15

functions: support protection for other organs

major organs: skeleton

Question 16

muscular system (function and major organs)

Answer 16

function: movement and locomotion

major organs: skeletal muscles

Question 17

CNS (central nervous system)

Answer 17

brain and spinal cord

Question 18

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

Answer 18

complex net of nerves connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body

Question 19

Chemoreceptors

Answer 19

respond to various chemicals

Question 20

thermoreceptors

Answer 20

respond to heat

Question 21

mechanoreceptors

Answer 21

respond to pressure

Question 22

photoreceptors

Answer 22

respond to light

Question 23

four types of taste

Answer 23

sweet, sour, salty, bitter

Question 24

what sense the two-point threshold test is used to examine

Answer 24

tests the sensitivity of pressure, mechanoreceptors

Question 25

understand heat adaption

Answer 25

adapts slowly, the cold water felt colder after immersing your finger in the hot water Luke warm felt warmer when your finger went into the cold water

Question 26

Glaucoma

Answer 26

when ducts that allow the eye fluid to drain become blocked, the buildup of fluid increases pressure within the eye, eventually damaging the retina and leading to blindness

Question 27

Cataracts

Answer 27

caused by age-related changes to proteins in the lenses, are another common cause of vision loss and blindness

Question 28

blind spot

Answer 28

a hole where you see nothing in the visual field of each eye

Question 29

what is an astigmatism

Answer 29

have lenses that are wavy instead of flat

Question 30

conductive deafness

Answer 30

comes from damage to one or more of the structures that conveys sound waves from the outside world to the auditory receptors

Question 31

nerve deafness

Answer 31

comes from damage to either the receptor cells or the auditory

Question 32

why don't pain receptors adapt

Answer 32

they don't adapt because they are set there for dangerous precautions

Question 33

what is a closed system

Answer 33

the circulating liquid (hemolymph) and it is pumped by the heart through the vessels to the body

Question 34

what is an open system

Answer 34

the hemolymph does not stay in the discrete vessels

Question 35

define gas exchange

Answer 35

how the system handles one particular nutrient and its associated waste product

Question 36

what is the cause of a heart murmur

Answer 36

some backflow of blood into the atrium

Question 37

identify the parts of the heart as it pertains to blood flow

Answer 37

venae cavae, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, body

Question 38

atherosclerosis

Answer 38

the buildup of fatty deposits called plaque on the arteries, effectively narrowing the arteries diameter and restricting blood flow

Question 39

arteriosclerosis

Answer 39

hardening of the arteries

Question 40

hypertension

Answer 40

results from a loss of elasticity in blood vessels

Question 41

LDL

Answer 41

low density lipoprotein - promotes plaque formation

Question 42

HDL

Answer 42

high density lipoprotein- inhibit plaques

Question 43

what is the tract for oxygen from the mouth to the smallest parts of the lungs

Answer 43

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, capillaires

Question 44

Define epidemiology

Answer 44

the study of how diseases spread through populations

Question 45

why is HIV hard to detect initially

Answer 45

takes several months to build up and make detectable immune response

Question 46

explain why HIV does not directly cause death

Answer 46

HIV doesn't cause death it's the immunosuppression that kills you

Question 47

know the structure of DNA

Answer 47

nucleotide- phosphate, sugar, and base

Question 48

how do bases pair on DNA

Answer 48

A-T and C-G

Question 49

how does the charge of the DNA work in gel electrophoresis

Answer 49

smaller fragments of DNA move faster and migrate farther than larger fragments toward the positive charge

Question 50

what phase does DNA replicate

Answer 50

synthesis

Question 51

where does DNA replication occur

Answer 51

mitosis

Question 52

what are the defining features of a tetrapod

Answer 52

four limbed animals

Question 53

what makes reptiles able to live on land

Answer 53

first fully terrestrial vertebrates, they have waterproof skin that is covered in scales or bony plates, and therefore does not dry out

Question 54

characteristics of vertebrates

Answer 54

they have the presence of bony parts, such asx bones and scales

Question 55

what type of vision do prey have

Answer 55

monocular vision

Question 56

what type of vision do predators have

Answer 56

binocular vison