Exam 3 study guide Flashcards
The erosion of traditional distinctions among media
Convergence
The process of dividing audience members into segments based on background and lifestyle in order to send them messages targeted to their specific characteristics
Audience Fragmentation
The integration, for a fee, of specific branded products into media content.
Product Placement
A derogatory names sometimes applied to public relations professionals.
Flack
Fake grassroots organization
Astroturf
Event that has no real informational or issue meaning; its exists merely to attract media attention
Pseudo-Event
In PR, any group of people with a stake in an organization, issue, or idea.
Public
PR in support of social issues and causes
Cause Marketing
In public relations, directly interacting with elected officials or government regulators and agents
Lobbying
In PR, outright lying to hide what really happened
Spin
Public relations practice of countering the public relations efforts aimed at clients by environmentalists
Greenwashing
Combining public relations, marketing, advertising, and promotion into a seamless communication campaign.
Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC)
Newly received or noteworthy information, especially about recent or important events
News
Who said this and what were they defining:
The business of practicing and producing and disseminating information about contemporary affairs of general public interest and importance. It is the business of a set of institutions that publicizes… information and commentary on contemporary affairs, normally presented as true and sincere, to a dispersed and anonymous audience so as to publicly include the audience in a discourse taken to be publicly important
Schudson’s definition of journalism.
How do we decide what’s news?
1) Financial Pressures (ratings/clicks)
2) Political Pressures
3) Format (images?)
4) Audience reception/participation (social media feedback/crowdsourcing)
5) Society (cultural norms)
What are the 8 news values?
Impact- how many people does the story impact
Timeliness- recency of the event/information
Prominence- Involve someone prominent?
Proximiy- closeness of an issue to the audience (could be geographic, could be more about shared values)
The Bizarre- unusual stories that capture attention
Conflict
Currency- a trend or issue that eventual bubbles up to the surface
Human interest- softer news
Where does news originate?
Naturally-occuring events: fires, hurricanes
State laws that protect journalists from being found in contempt of court for refusing to reveal a source or other confidential information.
Shield Laws
A person who writes for newspapers or magazines or prepares news to be broadcast on radio or television
Journalist
How do people find news?
30% of people get their news on Facebook.
Referral Traffic
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
The First Amendment
Basically means that the government cannot censor the speech prior to publication/utterance
Prior Restraint
What are some examples of prior restraint?
Licensing
Injunctions that prohibit publication
Informal coercion
What categories of speech are NOT protected by the first amendment?
Libel (conditional)
Incitement to violence/true threats
Obscenity
Threats to national security
Freedom from interference by other people (in this case, the government)
Negative Freedom
The possession of the power and resources to fulfill one’s potential
Positive Freedom
When was the First Amendment ratified?
1791
People or organizations seeking publicity, often stories suggested or pitched by PR practitioners
Created News
Journalists take the initiative, develop stories from beat or investigative reporting
Enterprise reporting
Take a broader topic and break it to a more specialized area
Beat reporting
What is the standard news cycle?
Breaking News
Story continues to develop
Long-term/Continuous Coverage
Is law neutral?
(In theory) law is fair and applied evenly BUT law is crafted by people who are not neutral and are not perfect
What are the guarantees within the First Amendment?
We are protected from Congress to respect the free exercise of religion, speech, press, right to peaceably assemble and right to petition
Was the First Amendment originally conceived to prevent prior restraint?
Yes
Is all speech protected by the First Amendment?
No
