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Psych 202 > Exam 3 STUDY GUIDE > Flashcards

Exam 3 STUDY GUIDE Flashcards

1
Q

Memory:
Working/short-term memory

A

Lasts only about 30 sec
repetition needed
memories can be edited

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2
Q

Memory:
Memory

A

The ability to learn and neurally encode informations, consolidate, and retrieve
Information that is stored in the brain

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3
Q

Memory:
Amnesia RETRO- vs ANTERO- grade

A

severe impairment of memory
Retro - Before incident
Antero - after incident

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4
Q

Memory:
Patient H.M.

A

Had gradient amnesia
Mostly anterograde
and episodic memory issues

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5
Q

Memory:
Declarative/explicit

A

facts/info acquired through learning
We are able to DECLARE it to others

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6
Q

Memory:
Nondeclarative/implicit

A

Procedural memory (i.e., motor procedures
demonstrated through PERFORMANCE

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7
Q

Memory:
Delayed non-matching-to-sample task

A

Monkey experiment testing OBJECT RECOGNITION
what was not seen previously, and then chosen = reward

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8
Q

Memory:
Episodic

A

Recollection of a specific episode in your life
EX: recalling birthday event

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9
Q

Memory:
Semantic

A

(generalized declarative)
knowing facts in life
EX: capital of country

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10
Q

Memory:
Skill learning

A

Process of learning a task over deliberate practice

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11
Q

Memory:
Priming

A

an initial stimulus changes the way an individual processes something afterwards
EX: mushroom

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12
Q

Memory:
Associative learning

A

to associate between events that is conditioned
EX: going to school is associated with learning

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13
Q

Memory:
Classical conditioning

A

PAVLOV
a neutral stimulus acquires power to elicit a conditioned response

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14
Q

Memory:
Instrumental (operant) conditioning

A

association is formed as a consequence of behavior
EX: rat pulling lever is an associated consequence to get a treat.

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15
Q

Memory:
Cognitive map

A

understanding of spatial organization of objects and information

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16
Q

Memory:
Place cells

A

Neurons that selectively encode spatial location
Fires when thinking about said location as well

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17
Q

Memory:
Sensory buffers

A

Brief memories

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18
Q

Memory:
Long-term memories

A

long lasting memories

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19
Q

Memory:
What is the system process (#3)

A

1) Encoding - raw info
2) consolidation
3) retrieval - of stored info

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20
Q

Memory:
Memory trace

A

change in brain that reflects learning/memory process

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21
Q

Memory:
Reconsolidation

A

the process of when LTM go to STM for recall, and then go back to LTM

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22
Q

Memory:
What are the housing conditions (of rats #3)

A

Impoverished (IC) - alone in cage
Standard (SC) - groups in cage
Enriched (EC) - social groups in enrichment area

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23
Q

Memory:
Habituation

A

a decrease in response to a stimulus as it is repeated
EX: coffee grinder at work

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24
Q

Memory:
Hebbian Synapse theory

A

“cells that fire together wire together”
conditioned/repeated firing of neurons together lead to strengthen connections
when there are no connected firing, the strength weakens eventually replaced, or retracted

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25
Q

Memory:
Tetanus

A

brief high-frequency burst of electrical stimuli

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26
Q

Memory:
Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

a stable increase of effectiveness of synapse following strong stimulation (hebbian)

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27
Q

Memory:
GLUTAMATE -
NMDA receptor -
AMPA receptor -

A
  • an excitatory neurotransmitter
  • receptor for glutamate
  • receptor for glutamate
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28
Q

Memory:
Retrograde transmitter

A

a transmitter that travels backwards across the synapse to alter the function of the presynaptic neuron

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29
Q

Memory:
Explicit

A

declarative

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30
Q

Memory:
Procedural memory EXAMPLE WHERE WHAT

A

-carrying out an action
- striatum, motor cortex, cerebellum
- riding a bike
NONDECLARATIVE

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31
Q

Memory:
Priming
EXAMPLE WHAT WHERE

A

initial stimulus affects the after

neocortex

mushroom
NONDECLARATIVE

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32
Q

Memory:
Classical conditioning
EXAMPLE WHAT WHERE

A

initial stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a conditioned response

amygdala, cerebellum

PAVLOV dog
NONDECLARATIVE

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33
Q

Memory:
Non-associative learning
EXAMPLE WHAT WHERE

A

reflexes expressed

reflex pathway

knee-jerk
NONDECLARATIVE

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34
Q

Memory:
Spatial memory
EXAMPLE WHAT WHERE

A

the categorization of spatial orientation

hippocampus, cortex

bathroom location
NONDECLARATIVE

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35
Q

Memory:
Neutral vs Conditioned stimulus

A

Neutral does not trigger a specific response

Conditioned was previously neutral but has now become associated causing a response via conditioning

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36
Q

Memory:
Patient K.C

A

CANADIANREPRESENTATION

main difference between H.M. is that K.C. had more memory capabilities

still had anterograde amnesia

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37
Q

Memory:
Clive Wearing

A

musicologist who developed chronic antero- and retrograde amnesia

devastating example of hippocampus eradication

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38
Q

Memory:
Place cells and Grid cells

A

Types of neurons that help us navigate and remember where we are

Place:
located in hipocampus
tuned to specific location in environment

Grid:
located in entorhinal cortex
create virtual map of brains surroundings
internal GPS

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39
Q

Memory:
Mammillary bodies

A

key role in memory in the papez circuit

goal-directed behaviors w/emotion

regulate seizure activity

PROCESS spatial AND WORKING memory

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40
Q

Memory:
Basal Ganglia

A

Stimulus-response learning
forms habits/associations

Working memory
only allows relevant info to pass

Sensorimotor coordination
selects and initiate responses (caudate nucleus)

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41
Q

Memory:
Neural (synaptic plasticity)

A

brains ability to modify the strength of connections between neurons at synapses
“fire/wire”
LTP - potentiation
LTD - depression

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42
Q

Memory:
What is HSAM

A

highly superior autobiographical memory

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43
Q

Memory:
Why HSAM have larger brain areas WHERE

A

areas - temporal lobe (medial temporal lobe specifically), caudate nucleus
because - regions are associated with memory processing and habit formation

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44
Q

Memory:
PTSD w/memory

A

recall of traumatic events

impact of trauma on brains memory processing regions (HIPPO)

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45
Q

Memory:
Sensitization

A

basically habituation, when individuals get desensitized to stimulus

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46
Q

Memory:
EXPLAIN THE NEURAL PATHWAY AND CHANNEL PROCESS

A

Glutamate
Mg2+
CA2+
Na+
acetycholine
NMDA and AMPA receptors

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47
Q

Sleep:
Biological rythms

A

regular fluctuations in any living process

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48
Q

Sleep:
Circadian rhythm
EXAMPLE

A

last about a day
sleep

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49
Q

Sleep:
Ultradian rhythm
EXAMPLE

A

shorter than a day
eating

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50
Q

Sleep:
Infradian rhythm
EXAMPLE

A

More than a day
menstrual cycle

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51
Q

Sleep:
Free-running

A

when an organism is maintaining its own personal cycle in the ABSENCE of external cues
more than 24 hours long

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52
Q

Sleep:
Phase shift

A

shift in activity produced by synching with stimulus

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53
Q

Sleep:
Entrainment

A

the process of synching to an environmental stimulus

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54
Q

Sleep:
Zeitgeber

A

any cue that is used to synch with

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55
Q

Sleep:
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
what is it for
where

A

above the optic chiasm

location of the circadian clock
(linked to the pineal gland to see light sensor?)

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56
Q

Sleep:
what is SCN

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

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57
Q

Sleep:
What does the Pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

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58
Q

Sleep:
Melatonin

A

informs brain about day length

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59
Q

Sleep:
What cells tell when light is out?

A

retinal ganglion cells

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60
Q

Sleep:
Retinohypothalamic pathway

A

carries info from eyes to hypothalamus to entrain rhythms

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61
Q

Sleep:
Melanopsin

A

special photopigment that is sensitive to light

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62
Q

Sleep:
what is EEG

A

electroencephalography

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63
Q

Sleep:
what is EEG used for in sleep?

A

provide a way to define, describe, and classify levels of arousal and sates of sleep

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64
Q

Sleep:
what is REM and non-REM

A

rapid-eye-movement sleep
small-amplitude, fast EEG waves

NON:
stages 1-3 that differ from REM sleep waves

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65
Q

Sleep:
Sleep spindles

A

in stage two

brief periods of close together sleep activation waves (vertex spikes)

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66
Q

Sleep:
k complexes

A

stage 2

negative waves, that are seen

help to cover disturbances that could happen in sleep

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67
Q

Sleep:
Alpha rhythm

A

awake

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68
Q

Sleep:
Stage 1 sleep

A

slowing of heart rate/relaxation of muscles

lasts several minutes

69
Q

Sleep:
Stage 2 sleep

A

has spindles and complexes

70
Q

Sleep:
Stage 3 sleep
what
what is another name?

A

large amplitude, slow waves (DELTA waves)

SWS -deep synch of neuron activity

71
Q

Sleep:
Nightmares

A

long frightening dreams that awaken sleeper

72
Q

Sleep:
Night terrors

A

arousal from SWS with intense fear and autonomic activation

73
Q

Sleep:
Dolphins and migrating birds

A

only sleep with one-half of their brain (and do not show REM sleep dolphins)

74
Q

Sleep:
Sleep deprivation

A

partial or total prevention of sleep

75
Q

Sleep:
Who and what Randy Gardner

A

man who for project stayed away for 11 days

demonstrated phases of recollection though-out the process

76
Q

Sleep:
Sleep recovery

A

sleeping more than normal after deprivation via compensation

not fully compensated in reality

77
Q

Sleep:
Fatal familial insomnia

A

inherited disease in middle age causes no sleep which results in death

78
Q

Sleep:
What are the four functions that are attributed (commonly) to sleep?

A

energy conservation

niche adaption

body and brain restoration

memory consolidation

79
Q

Sleep:
Conservation of energy function theory

A

diminished metabolic activity allows for conservation of energy

80
Q

Sleep:
Niche adaption function theory

A

EX. we sleep because our eyes can’t see during the night, or vice versa

natural selection

81
Q

Sleep:
ecological niche

A

assortment of environmental opportunities to which organism adapt to

82
Q

Sleep:
Physical restoration function theory

A

rebuilding and restoration of materials (proteins)

Clean out waste (xie et. al,)
seeing CSF movement increase and metabolic waste cleared faster, and space between cells widen

83
Q

Sleep:
Memory consolidation function theory

A

sleep helps learning and consolidation

84
Q

Sleep:
Isolated brain

A

experimental preparation where brainstem has been separated

85
Q

Sleep:
Reticular formation
function

A

WAKES UP THE BRAIN

group of cells whose axons and dendrites core in many directions extension of the medulla through thalamus

86
Q

Sleep:
What are the FOUR neural systems for sleep?

A

Forebrain - generates SWS

Brainstem - reticular formulation WAKES up forebrain

Pontine system - triggers REM

Hypothalamic system - coordinates with other three to determine what state

87
Q

Sleep:
Pons (sleep function/regions)

A

REM SLEEP
locus coeruleus

inhibitory transmitters of GABA that cause loss of muscle tone

88
Q

Sleep:
Locus coeruleus

A

neural center in brainstem

releases norepinephrine and modulate large areas of forebrain

89
Q

Sleep:
Narcolepsy

A

frequent and intense attacks of sleep
5-30 minutes

90
Q

Sleep:
Cataplexy

A

sudden loss of muscle tone

91
Q

Sleep:
What is Orexin and its function

A

a neuropeptide from the hypothalamus that is involved with switching between sleep states

92
Q

Sleep:
Sleep paralysis

A

temporary inability to move or talk

either before or after sleep

93
Q

Sleep:
Sleep enuresis

A

bed-wetting :(

94
Q

Sleep:
Somnambulism

A

sleepwalking

95
Q

Sleep:
What is RBD

A

REM behavior disorder

organized behavior by a person who appears to be asleep

EX: fighting in sleep

96
Q

Sleep:
Sleep-onset insomnia

A

difficulty falling asleep

97
Q

Sleep:
Sleep-maintenance insomnia

A

difficulty remaining asleep

98
Q

Sleep:
sleep state misperception

A

individuals report that they did no sleep even when EEG showed signs of sleep

99
Q

Sleep:
Sleep apnea

A

respiration becomes unreliable

progressive relaxation of muscles in chest, and diaphragm

100
Q

Sleep:
what is SIDS

A

sudden infant death

sleep apnea from immature systems that control respiration

101
Q

Sleep:
PGO waves

A

ponto-geniculo-occipital waves

brief high-amplitude waves that signal REM

102
Q

Sleep:
Sleep pattern changes across lifespan

generally describe

A

More REM when younger and depletes as age

deep sleep becomes less as well

frequent arousal as older and maintenance issues

103
Q

Sleep:
Why is the pineal gland important in sleep?

A

regulates the circadian rhythm via melatonin production

104
Q

Sleep:
Microsleeps

A

when deprived of sleep, quick sleep is activated

I.e., nodding off

105
Q

Sleep:
Hypersomnia

A

excessive sleepiness during day

even when gotten enough sleep

106
Q

Sleep:
Muscle atonia

A

temporary loss of muscle tone that occurs during REM

VS CATAPLEXY
cat is when awake and the trigger is via emotions

107
Q

Sleep:
Mouse study XIE ET AL 2013

A

metabolic waste clearance shows that it is more efficient when asleep and widening of space between cells occurs as well

108
Q

Sleep:
what does rehearsal, forgetting and insight have to do with sleep?

A

rehearsal -
active replay of information

forgetting -
sleep is disrupted leading to poor consolidation

insight -
potential for new connections and creative solutions

109
Q

Neuropharmacology:
ionotropic receptor

A

fancy ion channel

channel quickly changes shape (open/close) in response to a bounded NT

110
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Transporters

A

specialized proteins that bring NT back inside the presynaptic terminal (#recycle)

111
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Metabotropic receptors

A

DO NOT pass ions via a channel

chemical machinery of G proteins that are activated and signal second messengers that change the excitability of the cell

112
Q

Neuropharmacology:
what are GPCRs

A

G protein-coupled receptors

receptors that when activate initiate g protein signaling inside cells

113
Q

Neuropharmacology:
WHO and WHAT is Otto Loewi

A

“soups vs sparks”
“is it chemical or electrical”

he did the frog experiment hearts, where one heart matched the beating pattern of another.

demonstrated chemical transmission with ACh

114
Q

Neuropharmacology:
What are the qualifications to be a transmitter?

A

It can be synthesized by presynaptic and stored in axon terminals

released when AP reach terminal

recognized by specific receptors by the postsynaptic

it causes changes in the postsynaptic

blocking it interfere with the ability to the pre to affect postsynaptic cell

115
Q

Neuropharmacology:
What are the major NT (chemical) families?

A

Amino acid
Peptide
Amine
Gaso

116
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Co-localization

A

when a neuron makes and releases more than one type of transmitter

117
Q

Neuropharmacology:
What is cholinergic?

A

neurons that contain ACh that are found in the basal forebrain

118
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Dopamine Relations

A

mesostriatal pathway
substantia nigra

mesolimborcortical pathway
ventral tegmental area (VTA)
- process reward and pleasure feeling

119
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Serotonin Relations

A

Raphe nuclei is where originates

120
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Norepinephrine Relatoins

A

two locations
Locus Coeruleus
Lateral Tegmental Area

121
Q

Neuropharmacology:
what are opioid peptides

A

endogenous substances that resemble actions of opiate drugs

122
Q

Neuropharmacology:
What does coffee targert?

A

Adenosine

123
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Bioavalability

A

the amount of available target tissue that the drug is free to act on

124
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Biotransformation

A

when enzymes convert a drug into a metabolite that itself is active

125
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Pharmacokinetics

A

factors that affect movement of drug into, though, and out of the body

126
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Binding affinity

A

the chemical attraction of a drug to target receptors/tissue

127
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Efficacy (intrinsic activity)

A

the extent of a drug molecule that activates the receptor

basically how good they are

128
Q

Neuropharmacology:
what is DRC

A

dose-repsonse curve

129
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Explain dose curves

A

shows the relationship between drug doses and observed effects

safe dose and lethal dose measured

130
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Drug tolerance

A

drug’s effectiveness is diminished with repetition

131
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Metabolic tolerance

A

body becomes more effective at eliminating the drug rom bloodstream

BEFORE IT CAN HAVE EFFECT

132
Q

Neuropharmacology:
functional tolerance

A

when the target receptors/tissue alter sensitivity to the drug

down-/ up-regulate

133
Q

Neuropharmacology:
What is the function of down-regulation
WHAT TYPE OF DRUG

A

decrease the number of available receptors for the drug
Agonist

134
Q

Neuropharmacology:
What is the function of up-regulation
WHAT TYPE OF DRUG

A

increase the number of receptors available
Antagonist

135
Q

Neuropharmacology:
LIST THE TOLERANCES (#3)

A

drug
metabolic
function

136
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Cross-tolerance

A

Tolerance to ONE drug is then GENERALIZED to other drugs of the same chemical class

137
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Sensitization

A

response to drug becomes stronger with repeated treatments NOT WEAKER

cravings?

138
Q

Neuropharmacology:
local anesthetics

A

drugs that block sodium channels to stop neural transmission

139
Q

Neuropharmacology:
What are autoreceptors and what about the terminals?

A

they let the axon terminal know how much a NT has been released

140
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Use of the Blood-brain barrier

A

BBL BADDIE

to filter out unnecessary or harmful substances that try to enter the CNS

141
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Neuroleptics

A

antipsychotic drugs that alleviate symptoms or mental illness

FIRST GEN schizophrenia blocking dopamine receptors

SECON GEN block more than just dopamine

142
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Antidepressant

A

increase synaptic transmission by blocking receptors

143
Q

Neuropharmacology:
SSRIs

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

block the reuptake @ serotonergic synapses

144
Q

Neuropharmacology:
SNRIs

A

serotonin-norepinphrine reuptake inhibitors

promote accumlation of both Sero/Nore by blocking repuptake and leaving them in the synaptic cleft

145
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Barbiturates

A

early anxiolytic drug/sleep aid that has depressant activity in NS

146
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Anxiolytics

A

anti-anxiety drugs

147
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Benxodiazepines

A

a class of antianxiety drugs that are noncompettive agonists for the CNS

148
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Periaqueductal gray

A

high density of opioid receptors

149
Q

Neuropharmacology:
THC

A

9-tetrahydrocannabinol

produces the feeling of “high”

150
Q

Neuropharmacology:
CBD

A

cannabidiol

has the anxiolytic effects

perhaps medicinal actions

151
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Cannabinoid receptors

A

CB1 and CB2

152
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Endocannabinoids

A

endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors
produced by the brain

153
Q

Neuropharmacology:
what is a stimulant

A

drug that tips the balance toward excitatory with an overall alerting, activating effect

154
Q

Neuropharmacology:
What is nicotine

A

TOBACCO/STIMULANT
compound found in plants that acts as agonists on cholinergic receptors (ACh)

155
Q

Neuropharmacology:
What is Cocaine

A

STIMULANT

from a shrub
drug of abuse

enhances catecholamine neurotransmission

156
Q

Neuropharmacology:
What is Amphetamine (speed)

A

relative of methamphetamine

Dopamine agonist

157
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Psychedelics

A

powerful sensory alterations

158
Q

Neuropharmacology:
LSD

A

accidental baby daddy is Hofmann

158
Q

Neuropharmacology:
MDMA

A

stimulates visual cortex

changes levels of serotonin and dopamine

158
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Mushrooms

A
159
Q

Neuropharmacology:
ketamine

A

blocks NMDA receptors

increases activity in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus

160
Q

Neuropharmacology:
Entheogens

A

Psychoactive substances

161
Q

Neuropharmacology:
What are the models of substance disorders
THEORIES OF ADDICTION (#4)

A

Moral model

Disease model

Physical dependance model

Positive rewards model

162
Q

Neuropharmacology:
What is Moral model

A

based on weakness of character and lack of self-control

163
Q

Neuropharmacology:
What is the disease model

A

people with substance use disorders require medical treatment

164
Q

Neuropharmacology:
What is the physical dependence model

A

keep taking to avoid unpleasant withdrawal symptoms

disproved because people relapse

165
Q

Neuropharmacology:
What is the positive reward model

A

addiction and powerful reinforcement of taking drugs

166
Q

Neuropharmacology:
What is the role of the Nucleus accumbens with drugs

A

the release of dopamine

region in forebrain with interaction from the VTA associated with reward and pleasurable sensations

allows for association to occur

167
Q
A

Psych 202 (1 decks)

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