Exam 3 STUDY GUIDE Flashcards
1
Q
Memory:
Working/short-term memory
A
Lasts only about 30 sec
repetition needed
memories can be edited
2
Q
Memory:
Memory
A
The ability to learn and neurally encode informations, consolidate, and retrieve
Information that is stored in the brain
3
Q
Memory:
Amnesia RETRO- vs ANTERO- grade
A
severe impairment of memory
Retro - Before incident
Antero - after incident
4
Q
Memory:
Patient H.M.
A
Had gradient amnesia
Mostly anterograde
and episodic memory issues
5
Q
Memory:
Declarative/explicit
A
facts/info acquired through learning
We are able to DECLARE it to others
6
Q
Memory:
Nondeclarative/implicit
A
Procedural memory (i.e., motor procedures
demonstrated through PERFORMANCE
7
Q
Memory:
Delayed non-matching-to-sample task
A
Monkey experiment testing OBJECT RECOGNITION
what was not seen previously, and then chosen = reward
8
Q
Memory:
Episodic
A
Recollection of a specific episode in your life
EX: recalling birthday event
9
Q
Memory:
Semantic
A
(generalized declarative)
knowing facts in life
EX: capital of country
10
Q
Memory:
Skill learning
A
Process of learning a task over deliberate practice
11
Q
Memory:
Priming
A
an initial stimulus changes the way an individual processes something afterwards
EX: mushroom
12
Q
Memory:
Associative learning
A
to associate between events that is conditioned
EX: going to school is associated with learning
13
Q
Memory:
Classical conditioning
A
PAVLOV
a neutral stimulus acquires power to elicit a conditioned response
14
Q
Memory:
Instrumental (operant) conditioning
A
association is formed as a consequence of behavior
EX: rat pulling lever is an associated consequence to get a treat.
15
Q
Memory:
Cognitive map
A
understanding of spatial organization of objects and information
16
Q
Memory:
Place cells
A
Neurons that selectively encode spatial location
Fires when thinking about said location as well
17
Q
Memory:
Sensory buffers
A
Brief memories
18
Q
Memory:
Long-term memories
A
long lasting memories
19
Q
Memory:
What is the system process (#3)
A
1) Encoding - raw info
2) consolidation
3) retrieval - of stored info
20
Q
Memory:
Memory trace
A
change in brain that reflects learning/memory process
21
Q
Memory:
Reconsolidation
A
the process of when LTM go to STM for recall, and then go back to LTM
22
Q
Memory:
What are the housing conditions (of rats #3)
A
Impoverished (IC) - alone in cage
Standard (SC) - groups in cage
Enriched (EC) - social groups in enrichment area
23
Q
Memory:
Habituation
A
a decrease in response to a stimulus as it is repeated
EX: coffee grinder at work
24
Q
Memory:
Hebbian Synapse theory
A
“cells that fire together wire together”
conditioned/repeated firing of neurons together lead to strengthen connections
when there are no connected firing, the strength weakens eventually replaced, or retracted
25
Memory:
Tetanus
brief high-frequency burst of electrical stimuli
26
Memory:
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
a stable increase of effectiveness of synapse following strong stimulation (hebbian)
27
Memory:
GLUTAMATE -
NMDA receptor -
AMPA receptor -
- an excitatory neurotransmitter
- receptor for glutamate
- receptor for glutamate
28
Memory:
Retrograde transmitter
a transmitter that travels backwards across the synapse to alter the function of the presynaptic neuron
29
Memory:
Explicit
declarative
30
Memory:
Procedural memory EXAMPLE WHERE WHAT
-carrying out an action
- striatum, motor cortex, cerebellum
- riding a bike
NONDECLARATIVE
31
Memory:
Priming
EXAMPLE WHAT WHERE
initial stimulus affects the after
neocortex
mushroom
NONDECLARATIVE
32
Memory:
Classical conditioning
EXAMPLE WHAT WHERE
initial stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a conditioned response
amygdala, cerebellum
PAVLOV dog
NONDECLARATIVE
33
Memory:
Non-associative learning
EXAMPLE WHAT WHERE
reflexes expressed
reflex pathway
knee-jerk
NONDECLARATIVE
34
Memory:
Spatial memory
EXAMPLE WHAT WHERE
the categorization of spatial orientation
hippocampus, cortex
bathroom location
NONDECLARATIVE
35
Memory:
Neutral vs Conditioned stimulus
Neutral does not trigger a specific response
Conditioned was previously neutral but has now become associated causing a response via conditioning
36
Memory:
Patient K.C
#CANADIANREPRESENTATION
main difference between H.M. is that K.C. had more memory capabilities
still had anterograde amnesia
37
Memory:
Clive Wearing
musicologist who developed chronic antero- and retrograde amnesia
devastating example of hippocampus eradication
38
Memory:
Place cells and Grid cells
Types of neurons that help us navigate and remember where we are
Place:
located in hipocampus
tuned to specific location in environment
Grid:
located in entorhinal cortex
create virtual map of brains surroundings
internal GPS
39
Memory:
Mammillary bodies
key role in memory in the papez circuit
goal-directed behaviors w/emotion
regulate seizure activity
PROCESS spatial AND WORKING memory
40
Memory:
Basal Ganglia
Stimulus-response learning
forms habits/associations
Working memory
only allows relevant info to pass
Sensorimotor coordination
selects and initiate responses (caudate nucleus)
41
Memory:
Neural (synaptic plasticity)
brains ability to modify the strength of connections between neurons at synapses
"fire/wire"
LTP - potentiation
LTD - depression
42
Memory:
What is HSAM
highly superior autobiographical memory
43
Memory:
Why HSAM have larger brain areas WHERE
areas - temporal lobe (medial temporal lobe specifically), caudate nucleus
because - regions are associated with memory processing and habit formation
44
Memory:
PTSD w/memory
recall of traumatic events
impact of trauma on brains memory processing regions (HIPPO)
45
Memory:
Sensitization
basically habituation, when individuals get desensitized to stimulus
46
Memory:
EXPLAIN THE NEURAL PATHWAY AND CHANNEL PROCESS
Glutamate
Mg2+
CA2+
Na+
acetycholine
NMDA and AMPA receptors
47
Sleep:
Biological rythms
regular fluctuations in any living process
48
Sleep:
Circadian rhythm
EXAMPLE
last about a day
sleep
49
Sleep:
Ultradian rhythm
EXAMPLE
shorter than a day
eating
50
Sleep:
Infradian rhythm
EXAMPLE
More than a day
menstrual cycle
51
Sleep:
Free-running
when an organism is maintaining its own personal cycle in the ABSENCE of external cues
more than 24 hours long
52
Sleep:
Phase shift
shift in activity produced by synching with stimulus
53
Sleep:
Entrainment
the process of synching to an environmental stimulus
54
Sleep:
Zeitgeber
any cue that is used to synch with
55
Sleep:
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
what is it for
where
above the optic chiasm
location of the circadian clock
(linked to the pineal gland to see light sensor?)
56
Sleep:
what is SCN
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
57
Sleep:
What does the Pineal gland secrete?
Melatonin
58
Sleep:
Melatonin
informs brain about day length
59
Sleep:
What cells tell when light is out?
retinal ganglion cells
60
Sleep:
Retinohypothalamic pathway
carries info from eyes to hypothalamus to entrain rhythms
61
Sleep:
Melanopsin
special photopigment that is sensitive to light
62
Sleep:
what is EEG
electroencephalography
63
Sleep:
what is EEG used for in sleep?
provide a way to define, describe, and classify levels of arousal and sates of sleep
64
Sleep:
what is REM and non-REM
rapid-eye-movement sleep
small-amplitude, fast EEG waves
NON:
stages 1-3 that differ from REM sleep waves
65
Sleep:
Sleep spindles
in stage two
brief periods of close together sleep activation waves (vertex spikes)
66
Sleep:
k complexes
stage 2
negative waves, that are seen
help to cover disturbances that could happen in sleep
67
Sleep:
Alpha rhythm
awake
68
Sleep:
Stage 1 sleep
slowing of heart rate/relaxation of muscles
lasts several minutes
69
Sleep:
Stage 2 sleep
has spindles and complexes
70
Sleep:
Stage 3 sleep
what
what is another name?
large amplitude, slow waves (DELTA waves)
SWS -deep synch of neuron activity
71
Sleep:
Nightmares
long frightening dreams that awaken sleeper
72
Sleep:
Night terrors
arousal from SWS with intense fear and autonomic activation
73
Sleep:
Dolphins and migrating birds
only sleep with one-half of their brain (and do not show REM sleep dolphins)
74
Sleep:
Sleep deprivation
partial or total prevention of sleep
75
Sleep:
Who and what Randy Gardner
man who for project stayed away for 11 days
demonstrated phases of recollection though-out the process
76
Sleep:
Sleep recovery
sleeping more than normal after deprivation via compensation
not fully compensated in reality
77
Sleep:
Fatal familial insomnia
inherited disease in middle age causes no sleep which results in death
78
Sleep:
What are the four functions that are attributed (commonly) to sleep?
energy conservation
niche adaption
body and brain restoration
memory consolidation
79
Sleep:
Conservation of energy function theory
diminished metabolic activity allows for conservation of energy
80
Sleep:
Niche adaption function theory
EX. we sleep because our eyes can't see during the night, or vice versa
natural selection
81
Sleep:
ecological niche
assortment of environmental opportunities to which organism adapt to
82
Sleep:
Physical restoration function theory
rebuilding and restoration of materials (proteins)
Clean out waste (xie et. al,)
seeing CSF movement increase and metabolic waste cleared faster, and space between cells widen
83
Sleep:
Memory consolidation function theory
sleep helps learning and consolidation
84
Sleep:
Isolated brain
experimental preparation where brainstem has been separated
85
Sleep:
Reticular formation
function
WAKES UP THE BRAIN
group of cells whose axons and dendrites core in many directions extension of the medulla through thalamus
86
Sleep:
What are the FOUR neural systems for sleep?
Forebrain - generates SWS
Brainstem - reticular formulation WAKES up forebrain
Pontine system - triggers REM
Hypothalamic system - coordinates with other three to determine what state
87
Sleep:
Pons (sleep function/regions)
REM SLEEP
locus coeruleus
inhibitory transmitters of GABA that cause loss of muscle tone
88
Sleep:
Locus coeruleus
neural center in brainstem
releases norepinephrine and modulate large areas of forebrain
89
Sleep:
Narcolepsy
frequent and intense attacks of sleep
5-30 minutes
90
Sleep:
Cataplexy
sudden loss of muscle tone
91
Sleep:
What is Orexin and its function
a neuropeptide from the hypothalamus that is involved with switching between sleep states
92
Sleep:
Sleep paralysis
temporary inability to move or talk
either before or after sleep
93
Sleep:
Sleep enuresis
bed-wetting :(
94
Sleep:
Somnambulism
sleepwalking
95
Sleep:
What is RBD
REM behavior disorder
organized behavior by a person who appears to be asleep
EX: fighting in sleep
96
Sleep:
Sleep-onset insomnia
difficulty falling asleep
97
Sleep:
Sleep-maintenance insomnia
difficulty remaining asleep
98
Sleep:
sleep state misperception
individuals report that they did no sleep even when EEG showed signs of sleep
99
Sleep:
Sleep apnea
respiration becomes unreliable
progressive relaxation of muscles in chest, and diaphragm
100
Sleep:
what is SIDS
sudden infant death
sleep apnea from immature systems that control respiration
101
Sleep:
PGO waves
ponto-geniculo-occipital waves
brief high-amplitude waves that signal REM
102
Sleep:
Sleep pattern changes across lifespan
generally describe
More REM when younger and depletes as age
deep sleep becomes less as well
frequent arousal as older and maintenance issues
103
Sleep:
Why is the pineal gland important in sleep?
regulates the circadian rhythm via melatonin production
104
Sleep:
Microsleeps
when deprived of sleep, quick sleep is activated
I.e., nodding off
105
Sleep:
Hypersomnia
excessive sleepiness during day
even when gotten enough sleep
106
Sleep:
Muscle atonia
temporary loss of muscle tone that occurs during REM
VS CATAPLEXY
cat is when awake and the trigger is via emotions
107
Sleep:
Mouse study XIE ET AL 2013
metabolic waste clearance shows that it is more efficient when asleep and widening of space between cells occurs as well
108
Sleep:
what does rehearsal, forgetting and insight have to do with sleep?
rehearsal -
active replay of information
forgetting -
sleep is disrupted leading to poor consolidation
insight -
potential for new connections and creative solutions
109
Neuropharmacology:
ionotropic receptor
fancy ion channel
channel quickly changes shape (open/close) in response to a bounded NT
110
Neuropharmacology:
Transporters
specialized proteins that bring NT back inside the presynaptic terminal (#recycle)
111
Neuropharmacology:
Metabotropic receptors
DO NOT pass ions via a channel
chemical machinery of G proteins that are activated and signal second messengers that change the excitability of the cell
112
Neuropharmacology:
what are GPCRs
G protein-coupled receptors
receptors that when activate initiate g protein signaling inside cells
113
Neuropharmacology:
WHO and WHAT is Otto Loewi
"soups vs sparks"
"is it chemical or electrical"
he did the frog experiment hearts, where one heart matched the beating pattern of another.
demonstrated chemical transmission with ACh
114
Neuropharmacology:
What are the qualifications to be a transmitter?
It can be synthesized by presynaptic and stored in axon terminals
released when AP reach terminal
recognized by specific receptors by the postsynaptic
it causes changes in the postsynaptic
blocking it interfere with the ability to the pre to affect postsynaptic cell
115
Neuropharmacology:
What are the major NT (chemical) families?
Amino acid
Peptide
Amine
Gaso
116
Neuropharmacology:
Co-localization
when a neuron makes and releases more than one type of transmitter
117
Neuropharmacology:
What is cholinergic?
neurons that contain ACh that are found in the basal forebrain
118
Neuropharmacology:
Dopamine Relations
mesostriatal pathway
substantia nigra
mesolimborcortical pathway
ventral tegmental area (VTA)
- process reward and pleasure feeling
119
Neuropharmacology:
Serotonin Relations
Raphe nuclei is where originates
120
Neuropharmacology:
Norepinephrine Relatoins
two locations
Locus Coeruleus
Lateral Tegmental Area
121
Neuropharmacology:
what are opioid peptides
endogenous substances that resemble actions of opiate drugs
122
Neuropharmacology:
What does coffee targert?
Adenosine
123
Neuropharmacology:
Bioavalability
the amount of available target tissue that the drug is free to act on
124
Neuropharmacology:
Biotransformation
when enzymes convert a drug into a metabolite that itself is active
125
Neuropharmacology:
Pharmacokinetics
factors that affect movement of drug into, though, and out of the body
126
Neuropharmacology:
Binding affinity
the chemical attraction of a drug to target receptors/tissue
127
Neuropharmacology:
Efficacy (intrinsic activity)
the extent of a drug molecule that activates the receptor
basically how good they are
128
Neuropharmacology:
what is DRC
dose-repsonse curve
129
Neuropharmacology:
Explain dose curves
shows the relationship between drug doses and observed effects
safe dose and lethal dose measured
130
Neuropharmacology:
Drug tolerance
drug's effectiveness is diminished with repetition
131
Neuropharmacology:
Metabolic tolerance
body becomes more effective at eliminating the drug rom bloodstream
BEFORE IT CAN HAVE EFFECT
132
Neuropharmacology:
functional tolerance
when the target receptors/tissue alter sensitivity to the drug
down-/ up-regulate
133
Neuropharmacology:
What is the function of down-regulation
WHAT TYPE OF DRUG
decrease the number of available receptors for the drug
Agonist
134
Neuropharmacology:
What is the function of up-regulation
WHAT TYPE OF DRUG
increase the number of receptors available
Antagonist
135
Neuropharmacology:
LIST THE TOLERANCES (#3)
drug
metabolic
function
136
Neuropharmacology:
Cross-tolerance
Tolerance to ONE drug is then GENERALIZED to other drugs of the same chemical class
137
Neuropharmacology:
Sensitization
response to drug becomes stronger with repeated treatments NOT WEAKER
cravings?
138
Neuropharmacology:
local anesthetics
drugs that block sodium channels to stop neural transmission
139
Neuropharmacology:
What are autoreceptors and what about the terminals?
they let the axon terminal know how much a NT has been released
140
Neuropharmacology:
Use of the Blood-brain barrier
BBL BADDIE
to filter out unnecessary or harmful substances that try to enter the CNS
141
Neuropharmacology:
Neuroleptics
antipsychotic drugs that alleviate symptoms or mental illness
FIRST GEN schizophrenia blocking dopamine receptors
SECON GEN block more than just dopamine
142
Neuropharmacology:
Antidepressant
increase synaptic transmission by blocking receptors
143
Neuropharmacology:
SSRIs
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
block the reuptake @ serotonergic synapses
144
Neuropharmacology:
SNRIs
serotonin-norepinphrine reuptake inhibitors
promote accumlation of both Sero/Nore by blocking repuptake and leaving them in the synaptic cleft
145
Neuropharmacology:
Barbiturates
early anxiolytic drug/sleep aid that has depressant activity in NS
146
Neuropharmacology:
Anxiolytics
anti-anxiety drugs
147
Neuropharmacology:
Benxodiazepines
a class of antianxiety drugs that are noncompettive agonists for the CNS
148
Neuropharmacology:
Periaqueductal gray
high density of opioid receptors
149
Neuropharmacology:
THC
9-tetrahydrocannabinol
produces the feeling of "high"
150
Neuropharmacology:
CBD
cannabidiol
has the anxiolytic effects
perhaps medicinal actions
151
Neuropharmacology:
Cannabinoid receptors
CB1 and CB2
152
Neuropharmacology:
Endocannabinoids
endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors
produced by the brain
153
Neuropharmacology:
what is a stimulant
drug that tips the balance toward excitatory with an overall alerting, activating effect
154
Neuropharmacology:
What is nicotine
TOBACCO/STIMULANT
compound found in plants that acts as agonists on cholinergic receptors (ACh)
155
Neuropharmacology:
What is Cocaine
STIMULANT
from a shrub
drug of abuse
enhances catecholamine neurotransmission
156
Neuropharmacology:
What is Amphetamine (speed)
relative of methamphetamine
Dopamine agonist
157
Neuropharmacology:
Psychedelics
powerful sensory alterations
158
Neuropharmacology:
LSD
accidental baby daddy is Hofmann
158
Neuropharmacology:
MDMA
stimulates visual cortex
changes levels of serotonin and dopamine
158
Neuropharmacology:
Mushrooms
159
Neuropharmacology:
ketamine
blocks NMDA receptors
increases activity in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
160
Neuropharmacology:
Entheogens
Psychoactive substances
161
Neuropharmacology:
What are the models of substance disorders
THEORIES OF ADDICTION (#4)
Moral model
Disease model
Physical dependance model
Positive rewards model
162
Neuropharmacology:
What is Moral model
based on weakness of character and lack of self-control
163
Neuropharmacology:
What is the disease model
people with substance use disorders require medical treatment
164
Neuropharmacology:
What is the physical dependence model
keep taking to avoid unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
disproved because people relapse
165
Neuropharmacology:
What is the positive reward model
addiction and powerful reinforcement of taking drugs
166
Neuropharmacology:
What is the role of the Nucleus accumbens with drugs
the release of dopamine
region in forebrain with interaction from the VTA associated with reward and pleasurable sensations
allows for association to occur
167
