Exam 3 Study Guide Flashcards
Appropriate toy for 12mo old to promote growth and development
Plastic bowls, cups, buckets Unbreakable mirror Large building blocks Stacking toys Busy toys Balls Dolls Books Toy telephone Pull-push toys
Normal/Expected weight for 6mo old
Around 15lbs (double birth weight typically by 4-5 mo)
Expected gross/Fine motor for 8mo old
Sitting up unsupported beginning to crawl "gross" pincer grasp (thumb and 1st finger)(rakes) Beginning to babble respond to simple commands
Regressive behaviors a toddler may show when a sibling comes home
Desire a bottle or pacifier forgotten long ago
Stops displaying previously achieved language or motor skills
Disrupts toilet teaching progress
What type of play do toddlers typically engage in?
Parallel play
Cognitive characteristics of middle school age child
Stage: CONCRETE OPERATIONAL
Learns by manipulating concrete objects
Lacks ability to think abstractly
Learns that certain characteristics of objects remain constant
Understands concepts of time
Engages in serial ordering, addition, subtraction.
Classifies or groups objects by their common elements
Understands relationships among objects
Starts collections of items
Can reverse thought process
Object permanence - what does it look like for a 10mo old?
If an object is hidden from the infant’s sight, they will search for it in the last place seen, knowing it still exists. Essential for development of self-image.
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. Middle school age follows rules because
Conventional moral development
Age 7-10 (Stage 3, Interpersonal conforming) follows rules because
>a sense of being a good person
>wants to be a good person to themselves, parents, friends, teachers
>Adult is viewed as being right
Age 10-12
(Stage 4, Law and order)
>Can determine if action is good or bad based on reason for action, not just consequences
>Guided by desire to cooperate and respect for others
>uses concept of “golden rule”
Thelarche and relation to female puberty
Breast budding, usually occurs at 9-11, followed by growth of pubic hair
Healthy People 2020 and 2030 Objective for children and parents EMC-01
Increase the proportion of children and adolescents who communicate positively with their parents (Getting worse 68.5%)
When the adolescent comes in for a visit the nurse should never promise confidentiality (that depends on if the person wants to harm themselves or others) but the RN should focus on just letting them What?
o Set aside appropriate amount of time to discuss subject matter without interruptions.
o Talk face to face. Be aware of body language.
o Ask questions to see why he or she feels that way.
o Ask him or her to be patient as you tell your thoughts
o Choose words carefully so they understand you
o Tell them exactly what you mean
o Give praise and approval to your teenager often
o Speak to your teenager as am equal-don’t talk down to him or her.
o Be aware of your tone of voice and body language.
o Don’t pretend you know all the answers
o Admit that you do make mistakes
o Set rules and limits fairly.
Erickson’s stage for Infants
o Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 year)
Development of a sense of trust is crucial in the first year, serves as the foundation for later psychosocial tasks
When the infants’ needs are consistently met, the infant develops this sense of trust.
• Caregivers respond to the infant’s basic needs by feeding, changing diapers, cleaning, touching, holding, and talking to the infant. This creates a sense of trust in the infant.
If parent or caregiver is inconsistent in meeting the infants needs in a timely manner, then the infant develops a sense of mistrust.
Infant pattern of growth and development
Gross motor Cephalocaudal, Fine motor Proximodistal, differentiation-simple to complex
Toddler pattern of growth and development
Non-linear
Preschooler pattern of growth and development
physical growth slows, cognitive and psychosocial growth are substantial.
School age pattern of growth and development
Development focuses on maturity of body and increases in complexity
Adolescent pattern of growth and development
Dramatic body changes and advancement in psychosexual development
Erickson’s stage for adolescent
Identity vs. role confusion or diffusion
Erickson’s Identity vs. role confusion or diffusion developments
EARLY STAGE
Age 10-13
• Focuses on bodily changes
• Experiences frequent mood changes
• importance placed on conformity to peer norms and peer acceptance
• Strives to master skills within peer groups
• Defining boundaries with parents and authority figures
• Early stage of emancipation – struggles to separate from parents while still desiring dependence upon them.
• Identifies with the same sex peers.
• Takes more responsibility for own behaviors
Erickson’s Identity vs. role confusion or diffusion developments
MIDDLE STAGE
Age 14-16
• Continues to adjust to changed body image
• Tries out different roles within peer groups
• Need for acceptance by peer groups at the highest level
• Interested in attracting opposite gender
• Time of greatest conflict with parents/authority figures.
Erickson’s Identity vs role confusion or diffusion developments
LATE STAGE
Age 17-20
• Able to understand implications of behavior and decisions
• Roles within peer groups established
• Feels secure with body image
• Has matured sexual identity
• Has idealistic career goals
• Importance of individual friendships emerges
• Process of emancipation from family almost complete
Best way to assess 12mo old
Talk quiet, unhurried, non-threatening voice.
In arms of a parent/caregiver
Common causes of injury for an infant
Falls
suffocation
choking
drowning
Signs of developmental delay 18 months
Child is NOT
walking,
speaking 15 words
understand functions of household items
Signs of developmental delay 2 years
Child is/can NOT use 2 word sentences imitate actions follow basic instructions push a toy with wheels
Signs of developmental delay 3 years
Child has • Difficulty with stairs • Frequent falling • Cannot build tower of more than four block • Difficulty manipulating small objects • Extreme difficulty in separation from parent or caregiver • Cannot copy a circle • Does not engage in make believe play • Cannot communicate in short phrases • Does not understand simple instructions • Little interest in other children • Unclear speech, persistent drooling.
Common fears or stressors for a hospitalized toddler
o Loss of parents (separation anxiety) o Fear of strangers o Loud noises o Large or unfamiliar animals o Afraid of the dark – a nightlight in the room may be helpful.
Signs of developmental delay in a school age child
Exhibiting behavior of a younger child ex: needing special comfort toys or demanding parental attention.
What to use with an 8 yr old to do chores
directions, punishment and reward
Ways to improve communication with teens (“moody 14 yr old and parents”)
o Set aside appropriate amount of time to discuss subject matter without interruptions.
o Talk face to face. Be aware of body language.
o Ask questions to see why he or she feels that way.
o Ask him or her to be patient as you tell your thoughts
o Choose words carefully so they understand you
o Tell them exactly what you mean
o Give praise and approval to your teenager often
o Speak to your teenager as am equal-don’t talk down to him or her.
o Be aware of your tone of voice and body language.
o Don’t pretend you know all the answers
o Admit that you do make mistakes
o Set rules and limits fairly.
12 year old boy worried about being short
Growth spurt happens between 10.5 and 16. He still has plenty of time to grow.
Primary focus for healthy lifestyle for adolescents
The adolescents need support from and guidance of parents and nurses to facilitate healthy lifestyles and reduce risk-taking behaviors such as drinking, drug use, sexual activity, and participating in reckless behavior or dangerous activities.
Age to introduce solid foods
6 months
Infant car seats
Birth to 2 years
Rear-facing, center of backseat, never placed in front seat with airbag, never left unattended
Toddler Car seats
Back seat, rear facing until 2, forward facing after 2, If back seat is unavailable a forward facing car seat may be used in the front with airbag disarmed.
Preschool car seat
forward facing, based on height and weight, back seat. Booster recommended until height of 4’9” and age 8-12.
School age car seat
over 40lbs use a belt-positioning, forward facing booster seat using lap and shoulder belt. Children younger than 13 should not ride in the front seat
Age to ride a bike
6-8 years
Piaget School Age Stage:
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL
Learns by manipulating concrete objects
Lack ability to think abstractly
Learns that certain characteristics of objects remain constant
Understands concepts of time
Engages in serial ordering addition subtraction
Classifies or groups objects by their common elements
Understands relationships among objects
Starts collections of items
Can reverse thought process
