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Sociology 101 > Exam 3 Sociology > Flashcards

Exam 3 Sociology Flashcards

1
Q

Ideologies Justifying Stratification

A

Every society is stratified to some extent- ideological justification

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2
Q

Kuznet’s Curve (Slide #4 Stratification)

A

As an economy develops, market forces increase and decrease economic inequality. An upside-down U symbolizes progression during pre-industrial, industrial, and post-industrial economies.

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3
Q

Systems of Stratification

A

Slavery- Ownership of people
Estate- characterized by control of land and common during Feudalism
Caste- Based on rigid placement at birth into groups based on status.
Class- based on unequal groups but with a relatively high degree of social mobility.
Classless societies- societies with no social stratification

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4
Q

Meritocracy

A

A society governed by people selected according to merit. Britain is an example, and “The American Dream” is another pitch to meritocracy.

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5
Q

Marx and Weber’s class systems

A

Marx- Capitalists own and control the means of production, while workers work for wages and are vulnerable to displacement by machines or cheaper labor.
Weber-A multidimensional approach that is based on wealth, power, and prestige. High levels are Renters and Entrepreneurs, Mid-range is skilled laborers & middle class, and lower levels are unskilled laborers found to be least respected and incapable of significant responsibility.

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6
Q

Status Consistency

A

The consistency-or lack thereof, of and individual’s education, income, and occupation of the social position.

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7
Q

Davis-Moore Thesis

A

The greater the importance of a position, the more rewards a society attaches to it. Doctors are a prestigious example.

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8
Q

Theoretical Perspectives on Stratification

A

Functionalism- Stratification is necessary to induce people with special intelligence, knowledge, and skills to enter the most important occupations.
Conflict- Stratification results from lack of opportunity and from discrimination and prejudice against poor people, women, and people of color.
SI- Stratification affects people’s beliefs, lifestyles, daily interaction, and conceptions of themselves.

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9
Q

Defining and Measuring Class in the United States

A

Socioeconomic Status (SES); a measure based on occupation, education, and income favored by functionalist sociologists as an indicator of social class position.

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10
Q

Impacts of Stratification

A

Health- the type and quality of health care is limited to lower classes. They are environmentally prone, there are food deserts in low areas along with low life expectancy.
Income discrepancy- the wage gaps
Lack of social mobility to move to the middle or upper class.

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11
Q

Poverty

A

Measured by the government with a poverty line: based on the cost of a very minimal diet for a family multiplied by 3. The census defines episodic poverty as being poor for at least two consecutive months in a given period.

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12
Q

Primary & Secondary Sex

A

Primary sex characteristics are genitals and reproductive organs.

Secondary sex characteristics- distinguishing features that identify male and female that does not involve reproduction: e.g. Body hair, breasts, hips

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13
Q

Characteristics

A

Features that distinguish a male from a female. Can be primary (genital-related) or secondary (non-genital-related).

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14
Q

Gender

A

The social and psychological characteristics and behavior that society determines are appropriate for males and females.

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15
Q

Sex

A

A biological category that distinguished between male and female. XX Chromosomes for female, XY for male.

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16
Q

Differences in Sex & Gender

A

Gender is social, and sex is biological

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17
Q

Gender Roles

A

The cultural norms that guide people in enacting what is considered to be feminine or masculine behavior.

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18
Q

Gender Identity

A

Sense of one’s own gender.

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19
Q

Cisgender

A

People who identify their gender as the same as that of their assigned biological sex given at birth.

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20
Q

Gender Expression (Masculinity & Feminity)

A

Self-presentation (performance) of gender-making claims to masculinity and femininity.

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21
Q

Intersex Conditions

A

Those born with sex characteristics that do not fit our binary ideas of male and female bodies: XXY Klinefelter Syndrome, XXX or Trisomy X Syndrome

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22
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

The scientifically accurate term for an individual’s enduring physical, romantic/ emotional attraction to members of the same/opposite sex, including lesbian, gay, bisexual, and heterosexual orientations.

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23
Q

View of Gender via Biological Essentialist

A

Gender is pre-determined by biology instead of shaped by society.

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24
Q

View of Gender via Social Constructionist

A

Gender is a product of human definition and interpretation shaped by cultural and historical context.

25
Q

Lorber’s “Night to His Day”

A

“Doing Gender”- How a society approaches the attitudes and behaviors of masculinity based on norms and roles.

26
Q

Reification

A

The act of treating a person as a thing. Objectifying/ dehumanizing behavior.

27
Q

Commodification

A

Assign economic value to things not previously thought of in economic terms.

28
Q

Commercialization

A

The process of managing or running something principally for financial gain.

29
Q

Rape Myth

A

The belief that rationalizes and blames a woman for bringing the rape upon herself.

30
Q

Lolita Effect

A

Media sexualizes and exploits girls early in life in limited and demeaning ways.

31
Q

Adultification/ Sexualization of Young Girls

A

The hyper-sexualization and exploitation of young ladies to commercialize them for sex appeals.

32
Q

Theoretical Perspectives of Sex

A

Functionalism- Desire to regulate sexual behavior
SI- The importance of sexuality changes over time. i.e., virginity at marriage/ childhood sexuality
Social-Conflict- sexualizing women and devaluation
Feminist theory- Sexuality may ultimately lead to the degradation of women in society
Queer Theory- challenging the heterosexual bias against homosexuals

33
Q

Theoretical Perspectives of Gender

A

Functionalist believes that gender is for the preservation of society.

SI- there are many ways that gender is symbolized in society

Social Conflict- inequality through a patriarchal society

34
Q

Theoretical Perspectives of Stratification

A

Patriarchy- is a special case of stratification
Sexism- limits creativity and competition
Masculinity- in the US encourages risky behavior

35
Q

Patriarchy

A

How society is organized where men are dominant in social or cultural systems.

36
Q

Glass Ceiling

A

The barrier that keeps women from the highest job.

37
Q

Glass Escalator

A

Structural advantages that men experience in female-dominated professions.

38
Q

Intersectionality

A

Various biological, social, and cultural categories- including gender, race, class, and ethnicity- interact and contribute towards systematic social inequality.

39
Q

Second Shift Explanation

A

The second shift is a term coined and popularized by sociologist Arlie Hochschild. It refers to the household and childcare duties that follow the day’s work for pay outside the home. While both men and women experience the second shift, women tend to shoulder most of this responsibility.

40
Q

Gender Wage Gap Explanation

A

For every $1 a white man makes, a white woman makes. $.79, black woman, $.62, latinX $.54 showing a huge discrepency

41
Q

Race

A

A socially constructed category based on perceived real or alleged physical or genetic differences between groupings of people such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, and other subjectively selected attributes.

42
Q

Ethnicity

A

An Ethnic group is a subgroup of the population distinguished, by others or by themselves, primarily on the basis of factors such as culture, ancestral homeland, language, religions, etc.

43
Q

Stereotypes

A

Overgeneralizations about the appearance behavior or other characteristics of members of particular categories.

44
Q

Prejudice

A

Is an attitude based on faulty generalization about members of specific racial, ethnic, or other groups.

45
Q

Discrimination

A

Unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group, usually motivated by prejudice.

46
Q

Racism

A

is a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that are
used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic
group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic
group.

47
Q

Institutional Racism

A

Bias in, or discrimination carried
out by institutions (political, economic, educational, and
others) that routinely produce unjust outcomes for those
who come into contact with it.

48
Q

Structural/ Systemic Racism

A

racial bias between institutions and
society.

49
Q

Race as a social construct

A

Human subspecies do not exist

50
Q

Measures of Diversity in United States

A

U.S. Census

51
Q

cultural variations on race

A

-Race has changed in the U.S.
“provisional whites” or the
“Iberian

-White/Non White Dichotomy

-Hypodescent ––“one drop

-Not all cultures follow U.S.
racial categories

-Racial fluidity, skin
pigmentation or
E.g. Dominican Republi c

52
Q

Antiquated Views of Race and their legacy

A

Slavery-
Eugenics-
Redlining-
health care-

53
Q

Impacts of Race in U.S.

A

Sociological Explanations
-Socialization Prejudiced or Color Blind

-Economic & Political Competition Macro version of
-Scapegoat/Frustration (Group threat theory or ethnic competition)
-Institutional/Systemic/Structural Racism

54
Q

Hypodescent “One Drop Rule”

A

If you have one drop of black blood in your system you are considered black

55
Q

Theories of Racism

A

-Scapegoat (I) prejudice comes from frustration and blames
problems on another

-Authoritarian personality (I) adhere to norms strictly, believe
society has better or worse people

-Individualistic (I) viewpoints reinforce the idea that racism cannot
exist if individuals do not intentionally commit acts of racism

56
Q

Color-Blind Racism

A

wether intentional or unintentional, “not- seeing color” is another form of discrimination

57
Q

White Privilege

A

White privilege is a term
denoting the rights,
advantages, exemptions, or
immunities enjoyed by
white people

58
Q

Social Stratification

A

Rankings of people based on wealth and other resources a society values.

Sociology 101 (1 decks)

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