Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bino Vision > Exam 3 shuffle > Flashcards

Exam 3 shuffle Flashcards

1
Q

How common are vertical disparities?

A

A daily occurrence, but vergence movements can overcome them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What acuity is a depth discrimination threshold?

A

Stereoacuity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

As you bring a cube closer, the relative disparity increases. How do you say this mathematically?

A

Relative disparity between two points in real space is INVERSELY proportional to the square of the distance from the observer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

____ disparity stimulates vergence in order to foveally fixate an object. ____ disparities encode the relative depth between the fixated object and other objects in the binocular field of view.

A

ABSOLUTE disparity stimulates vergence in order to foveally fixate an object. RELATIVE disparities encode the relative depth between the fixated object and other objects in the binocular field of view.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the geometric limit for disparity?

A

The farthest distance where disparity can help depth perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Corresponding images arise from _____. And example is ___

A

The Same object. An example is looking at two dogs. Each eye has an image that’s slightly different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

___ arcmin is the best stereoacuity to detect. Not so wide, not too close together

A

15-50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Thick cytochrome oxidase stripes (have magnocellular input) help with….

A
  • Coarse stereopsis
  • Low spatial frequency; high temporal frequency
  • Selective for disparity and motion

in area V2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is retinotopically mapped?

A

The LGN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What kind of cells help with this?
Fine stereopsis
High spatial frequency ; low temporal frequency

A

Pale (interstripes) cytochrome oxidase stripes (have parvocellular input via interblobs)

in area V2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Stereotheory in which eyes detect ____ over time is serial processing

A

Disparity change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How can foveal and parafoveal neurons differ from each other?

A

Half show preference with respect to binocular disparity, half don’t have a disparity preference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are the stereoacuity and dynamic stereoacuity compare in normal vs strabismic?

A

Static is better than dynamic in normal. For strabs, they suck at both but have better dynamic compared to static

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Good binocularity has what relationship between AC/A and CA/C ratios?

A

They are inversely related. A high AC/A balances out a low CA/C ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Stereotheory in which eyes detect retinal image velocity over time is ____ processing

A

Parallel. This likely isn’t true because stereomotion is serial processing, meaning more distractors make it harder to detect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Slant is with respect to the ___ meridian

A

90th meridian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is the path for asymmetric disparity vergence?

A

Small vergence, then saccade to make disparity more symmetric, then symmetric vergence movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Low spatial freq grating = (higher/lower) tolerance for vertical disparity?

A

High

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Relative disparity increases ____ times when you move something 10 times closer.

A

Relative disparity increases 100 times when you move something 10 times closer. 10^2 = 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Splitting the ____ results in a bitemporal hemianopia and complete loss of stereopsis for (CROSSED/UNCROSSED) disparities along the midline (in the primary direction of gaze).
They will have steropsis (behind/in front of) fixation point

A

Optic chiasm.
Uncrossed disparities.
They will have steropsis in front of fixation point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lesions of the __ impaired stereopsis, spatial memory, spatial attention, and the ability to determine spatial
relationships among objects.

A

PPC (Posterior parietal cortex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Left visual field represented in ___ hemisphere.

A

Left visual field represented in right hemisphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

98% of population can achieve stereoacuity better than ___

A

40 arcsec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

_____ is a change in the rate of disparity

A

Disparity curvature (like a tire swing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

A far neuron responds to what kind of disparity? Why does it exist?

A

Positive, uncrossed disparity. It helps vergence initiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What clues can vertical disparities give about depth?

A

There are more vertical disparity for closer objects (especially when not at midline). Far objects have very little vertical disparity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is SILO?

A

(small in large out) Target appears to shrink and move closer with BO prism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How is VECP useful for binocularity testing?

A

You can compare VECP between pt’s fused and unfused binocular stimuli

Measure bino “beat” response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Stereotheory in which eyes detect disparity change over time is ____ processing

A

Serial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

___% of V1 foveal and parafoveal neurons are binocular.

A

97

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Non-corresponding images arise from ______

A

Distinct objects (that may be identical)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

___% of V3 neurons respond to disparity. They respond ….

A

50%

Respond only to STATIC disparity. (I.E., seem NOT to respond to motion-in-depth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

_____ is the only direct means of seeing depth

A

Stereopsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

(serial/parallel) search is unaffected by number of distractors. Give an example.

A

Parallel search is unaffected by number of distractors.

an example is a blue circle among red squares

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How does a small amount of x motion added to z motion affect performance for detecting motion and depth?

A

A small amount of X motion added to the Z motion greatly improves detecting motion and depth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Static stereo and stereomotion are (serial/parallel) mechanisms.

A

Serial mechanisms, meaning more distractors make it harder to detect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Vergence is driven by ______

A

Binocular retinal disparity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the correspondence problem?

A

The elements do not differ in size, shape, luminance or color, so information from the elements themselves does not restrict the number of possible pairings between the left and right eyes’ images

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Disparity in stereograms scales _____ with the target distance

A

Scales linearly with target distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Coarse stereopsis is mediated by _____ system

A

magnocellular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

______ disparity is the the stimulus for stereopsis

A

Relative disparity

42
Q

Strabs can make vergence movements with (large/small) stimuli and have a vergence amplitude that is (deficient/adequate/excessive) for the angle. This indicates ___

A

Strabs can make vergence movements with LARGE stimuli and have a vergence amplitude that is DEFICIENT for the angle. This indicates REDUCED GAIN.

43
Q

Splitting the _____ leads to a loss of coarse stereopsis along the vertical midline of vision

A

Corpus callosum

44
Q

___% of V2 neurons respond to disparity.

A

70% of V2 neurons respond to disparity.

45
Q

Stereomotion threshold is ___

A

Stereomotion threshold = 36 arcsec

46
Q

Absolute disparity = Negative AD is (crossed/uncrossed).

A

Alpha L - alpha R. Negative disparity is uncrossed

47
Q

What happens when you put prism in front of strab fixating eye?

A

Fast vergence response is not seen, but adaptive response is present.

48
Q

97% of V1 ____ and ____ neurons are binocular.

A

foveal and parafoveal neurons

49
Q

What is SOLI?

A

(Small out large in) Target appears to look bigger because of prior expectation as BO prism increases

50
Q

Which neurons prefer stimuli on the horopter? Off the horopter?

A

T0 and TI prefer on the horopter

TN and TF prefer off the horopter

51
Q

Which neuron type?
• Specificity for motion and binocular disparity
• May also be related in detecting monocular motion-related distance cues (ex. motion parallax and structure-from motion).

A

V5 (MT) neurons

52
Q

Orientation disparity (of two tilted lines) is really ______

A

A gradient of horizontal disparity

53
Q

Vergence burst vs vergence tonic neurons.

A
  • Burst fires before and during vergence, encoding maximum velocity
  • Tonic fires before vergence with rate proportional to vergence angle.
54
Q

____ is a stimulus for vergence

A

Absolute disparity

55
Q

A near neuron responds to what kind of disparity? Why does it exist?

A

Negative, crossed disparity. It helps vergence initiation

56
Q

How does V5 (MT) contribute to disparity processing?

A
  • Specificity for motion and binocular disparity
  • May also be related in detecting monocular motion-related distance cues (ex. motion parallax and structure-from motion).
57
Q

Fast or slow vergence movement can only occur with correlated images? What’s the difference

A

Slow vergence. Fast explodes on the scene but then fades away, slow disparity vergence grows at times goes on

58
Q

What neurons help initiate vergence?

A

T0, TI

TN, TF

59
Q

What neurons are specific for optic flow patterns and analyze information about self-motion? (the motion-in-depth you perceive as you move your body through space).

A

MST (Middle superior temporal area)

60
Q

Vergence sensitivity to absolute disparity is _____ ___ of arc

A

6 minutes of arc. This is way bigger than the fine sensitivity of stereopsis (which can be 20 sec of arc)

61
Q

Correlation of 100% means what? 0% means what?

A

100% means both half views are identical. 0% means nothing matches up and there is no flat plane percept

62
Q

Which part of the visual field projects to BOTH hemispheres?

A

Approximately +/-2° from vertical midline

63
Q

Splitting the Corpus callosum leads to a loss of coarse stereopsis along the ____ of vision

A

vertical midline

64
Q

What neuron controls the slow, adapting component of accommodation or vergence?

A

Tonic controller

65
Q

____ happens when there is no binocular correspondence

A

Binocular rivalry.

66
Q

How convert angle and prism diopters?

A

Theta = arctan(prism/100)

67
Q

What is binocular parallax?

A

Depth perceived from angle of object going to both foveas

68
Q

What are reciprocal neurons?

A

Binocular Neurons Found in Macaque areas V1-V3 that prefer far or near bino disparity

69
Q

How does Duane’s retraction syndrome affect binocular beat?

A

Both normal and Duane’s show response to 18 and 20 hz, but Duane’s has a much lower response to 2 Hz.

70
Q

Inclination/declination is with respect to the ___ meridian

A

180th meridian

71
Q

What minimum duration is needed for best stereo threshold detection?

A

100 msec

72
Q

Absolute vertical disparity is difference in…

A

Elevation of a point for the two eyes

73
Q

What are flat neurons?

A

Binocular Neurons Found in Macaque areas V1-V3 that don’t have disparity preference

74
Q

If you have difficulty grasping things in the environment with your hand, what could be the problem?

A

PPC (Posterior parietal cortex)

75
Q

Thin cytochrome oxidase stripes receive what kind of input?

A

parvocellular input via blobs

76
Q

Which vergence motion develops sooner?

A

Convergence develops sooner than divergence

77
Q

What neuron serves as the cross-link mechanism between accommodation and vergence?

A

Phasic controller

78
Q

Stereo Threshold are worse for ____ color targets. Why?

A

Blue color targets because blue cones have larger receptive fields.

79
Q

What is magnocellular input responsible for in V2?

A
  • Coarse stereopsis
  • Low spatial frequency; high temporal frequency
  • Selective for disparity and motion
80
Q

How does V3 contribute to disparity processing?

A
  • 50% of neurons respond to disparity

- Respond only to STATIC disparity. (I.E., seem NOT to respond to motion-in-depth)

81
Q

What kind of cells help with this?
• Coarse stereopsis
• Low spatial frequency; high temporal frequency
• Selective for disparity and motion

A

Thick cytochrome oxidase stripes (have magnocellular input)

in area V2

82
Q

Pale (interstripes) cytochrome oxidase stripes (have parvocellular input via interblobs) help with….

A

Fine stereopsis
High spatial frequency ; low temporal frequency

in area V2

83
Q

Which neuron type?

  • 50% of neurons respond to disparity
  • Respond only to STATIC disparity. (I.E., seem NOT to respond to motion-in-depth)
A

V3 neurons

84
Q

What neuron controls slows increments of accommodation or vergence?

A

Funnel limiter

85
Q

What are the characteristics of binocularly linked images?

A

The images can be corresponding or noncorresponding, can be fused or slightly diplopic, images engage the disparity detection system

86
Q

What is absolute disparity?

A

The difference between convergence angle of the eyes and the binocular parallax of an object

87
Q

Fine stereopsis is mediated by the ____ system

A

parvocellular system

88
Q

First “binocular” neurons of the primary visual pathway are found in____. ___% here they are binoclar

A

50% of Area V1 neurons are binocular

89
Q

Peak vergence velocity relates to vergence demand how?

A

Peak velocity increases as amplitude increases, with a ratio of about 4:1.

90
Q

What neuron limits the max vergence or accommodation response?

A

Range limiter

91
Q

What is parvocellular input responsible for in V2?

A

Fine stereopsis

High spatial frequency ; low temporal frequency

92
Q

As you bring a cube closer, the relative disparity increases to the square. What is the impact of this?

A

Relative depth is more vibrant the closer you are.

93
Q

What neuron controls the fast accommodation or vergence response?

A

Phasic controller

94
Q

What is the purpose of small errors of accommodation and fixation?

A

They provide continuous signals to sustain focus and eye position

95
Q

Micro eye movements (Help/Hinder) us to detect motion in depth

A

They help!

96
Q

The average latency of vergence signal is ______

A

160 ms

97
Q

What does ocular albinism do?

A

It causes compete decussation of optic fibers. This results in loss of stereopsis and they can have strabismus

98
Q

Smooth pursuits and OK develop in infants from ___ visual field to _____ visual field. When does this even out?

A

Temporal visual field to nasal visual field. 3-6 months both directions becomes smooth

99
Q

Stereotheory in which eyes detect _____ over time is parallel processing

A

retinal image velocity

100
Q

How many prism diopters is in 1 meter-angle?

A

1 meter-angle = 6 pD. Their ipd in cm

Bino Vision (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions