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VP Pharm Exam 3 > Exam 3 Review > Flashcards

Exam 3 Review Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Site of administration to blood

A

Absorption

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2
Q

Blood to tissues

A

Distribution

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3
Q

Tissues back to the blood

A

Redistribution

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4
Q

Chemical alteration of drug molecule by cells of the animal

A

Biotransformation (metabolism)

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5
Q

Removal or clearance of drug out of the body

A

Excretion

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6
Q

Downhill movement; no E required

A

Passive diffusion

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7
Q

Downhill movement; no E required; carrier-mediated

A

Facilitated diffusion

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8
Q

Uphill movement; E required; carrier-mediated

A

Active transport

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9
Q

Endocytosis of molecules dissolved in water

A

Pinocytosis

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10
Q

Pinocytosis example:

Aminoglycosides can cause what kind of damage and can act as what?

A

Renal damage; can act as renal toxins

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11
Q

What are these?
Concentration gradient
Lipid solubility
Degree of drug ionization

A

Factors affecting simple diffusion

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12
Q

Lipid solubility

A

Higher lipid solubility of the drug = FASTER crossing cell membranes

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13
Q

Degree of drug ionization

A

Drugs cross biological membranes in NON-IONIZED, LIPID SOLUBLE form

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14
Q

Ionized drugs tells us what?

A

The drugs are trapped

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15
Q

Non-ionized drugs tell us what?

A

The drugs are permeable to the membrane

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16
Q

What ionization equation would you use for a weak acid?

A

pka=pH + log N/I

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17
Q

What are these?
Molecular size, Dissolution in water, Concentration at absorptive site, Route of administration, Lipid solubility, Degree of ionization

A

Factors affecting drug absorption related to the drug

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18
Q

What are these?

Blood flow, absorptive surface area, connective tissue, species, individual

A

Factors affecting drug absorption related to the animal

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19
Q

Molecular size?

A

Smaller molecule = FASTER drug absorption

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20
Q

Lipid solubility?

A

High solubility = FASTER drug absorption

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21
Q

Degree of ionization?

A

High ratio = FASTER drug absorption

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22
Q

Dissolution in water?

A

Liquid drugs = FASTER drug absorption

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23
Q

Concentration at absorptive site?

A

Higher concentration = FASTER drug absorption

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24
Q

Routes of administration in order of fastest absorption?

A
  1. Sublingual and inhalation
  2. IM
  3. SQ
  4. PO
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25
Blood flow?
Higher blood flow = FASTER drug absorption
26
Absorptive surface area?
Higher area = FASTER drug absorption | Ex. Fetanyl patch
27
Dissolution is often the rate limiting step for what kind of absorption?
Oral absorption (absorption from the GI tract)
28
What are these? | Lipid solubility, Degree of ionization, Concentration gradient, Plasma protein binding, Affinity for certain tissues
Factors affecting drug disposition related to the drug
29
What are these? | Blood flow, Species/individual differences, Plasma protein binding, Tissue barriers
Factors affecting drug disposition related to the animal
30
Plasma protein binding?
Acids to Albumin Bases to alpha-glycoproteins and lipoproteins Unbound, free drugs are biologically active Prolongs half life
31
Blood Brain Barrier
Tight capillary endothelial junctions Glial cells fill in gaps bt junctions Younger animals have GREATER drug movement across BBB
32
Affinity of drugs for certain tissues
Drugs will accumulate in certain tissues | Ex. Aminoglycosides bind to kidney tissue and can cause renal damage or failure
33
Increased redistribution does what to the half life?
Increases the half life
34
Which tissue is the common site of drug redistribution?
Adipose tissue
35
What are the main effects of drug biotransformation?
Change in physiochemical properties of the drug | Change in pharmacologic activity
36
The metabolite may be more water soluble, more polar, and more ionized
Change in physicochemical properties of the drug
37
What are the changes in pharmacologic activity?
Bioinactivation and bioactivation
38
Conversion of a parent drug to an inactive metabolite
Bioinactivation
39
Conversion of a prodrug to an active drug
Bioactivation
40
Conversion of a non-toxic substance to a toxic one
Bioactivation (lethal synthesis)
41
Types of metabolic reactions?
``` Phase I (nonsynthetic) Phase II (synthetic) ```
42
What are the types of Phase I reactions?
Oxidation (most common) Reduction Hydrolysis
43
What is the Phase II reaction?
Conjugation (cats and neonates are deficient)
44
Species differences: | Deficient in glucuronyl transferases
Cats
45
Species differences: | Deficient in acetylating enzymes
Dogs
46
Species differences: | Have less plasma pseudocholinesterase
Ruminants
47
Species differences: | Have high levels of oxidative enzymes
Ruminants and horses
48
Species differences: | Deficient in sulfate conjugating enzymes
Pigs
49
Species differences: | Lack oxidative enzymes
Birds
50
Drug must go to liver before systemic circulation, so drug is metabolized before distribution is what?
First-pass metabolism
51
Drugs that stimulate the liver to produce more metabolic enzymes, is reversible, includes microsomal enzymes, and may lead to tolerance or drug-drug interactions?
Enzyme inducers
52
Examples of drug enzyme inducers
P- Phenobarbital P- Phyenylbutazone G- Griseofulvin R- Rifampin
53
Drugs that inhibit production of metabolic enzymes
Enzyme inhibitors
54
Examples of drug enzyme inhibitors
C- Chloramphenicol C- Cimetidine K- Ketoconazole
55
Conjugates of lipophilic compounds excreted in bile can be hydrolyzed in the intestines and converted back into lipid soluble free drugs
``` Enterohepatic recirculation (prolongs half life of a drug) ```
56
Renal excretion is dependent on which 3 factors?
Glomerlular filtration rate (GFR) Active tubular secretion Passive tubular reabsorption
57
Volume of distribution equation?
Vd (L or L/kg)= Dose (mg or mg/kg) / Cp (mg/L)
58
Renal clearance equation?
CLr (mL/min)= Rate of elimination (mg/min) / Cp (mg/mL)
59
Rate of elimination equation?
Urine flow (mL/min) x Drug concentration (mg/mL)
60
Half life equation?
T1/2= 0.693 x Vd / CLb
61
Steady state plasma concentration equation?
DOSEcri= Cpss x CLb
62
Loading dose equation?
Dose= Cpss x Vd
63
Maintenance dose equation?
Dose = Cpss x CLb x Interval
64
Adjusted dose equation?
Normal dose x Patient CLr / Normal CLr | adjusted dose should be SMALLER
65
Adjusted dose interval equation?
Normal dose interval x Normal CLr / Patient CLr | adjusted interval should be LARGER (longer)

VP Pharm Exam 3 (1 decks)

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