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SSC 200 > Exam 3 Review > Flashcards

Exam 3 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cation?

A

positive ion (+1)

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2
Q

What is an Anion?

A

negative ion (-1)

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3
Q

Cation exchange capacity (CEC)

A

sum of total cations that a given soil can absorb

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4
Q

Do clayey soil and soils with humus generally have a higher CEC?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Rank highest to lowest CEC:
- Sand
- Humus
- 2:1 clays
- Oxides
- 1:1 clays

A

Humus -> 2:1 clays -> 1:1 clays -> Oxides -> Sand

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6
Q

What is Isomorphic Substitution

A

A process in which one element substitutes another of comparable size in the crystalline structure. Permeant charge.

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7
Q

1:1 Clay (e.g kaolinite)

A

Mg substitution for Al in the octahedral lattice

Si2O3OHO2Al2 (OH)3 → Si2O3OHO2AlMg(OH)3

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8
Q

2:1 Clay (e.g. montmorillnite)

A
  • Mg substitution for Al in the octahedral lattice
  • Al substitution for Si in the tetrahedral lattice

Si2O3OHO2Al2OH2Si2O3 → Si2O3OHO2AlMgOH2SiAlO3

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9
Q

pH dependent charge

A

is when broken ends of clays carry a charge. Charge can change based on the pH. Lower pH = more H+ will attach to the broken ends

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10
Q

Organic matter only has pH
dependent surface charge. TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

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11
Q

A bag of fertilizer contains 5-10-15 and we’ve determined it has 10 lbs phosphorous.
What form is the phosphorus in?

A

P2O5

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12
Q

A bag of fertilizer contains 5-10-15. How much phosphorus is in the fertilizer for every 100 lbs?

A

10 lbs

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13
Q

Which of the following plant nutrients are only in anion form?

A

Phosphorus

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14
Q

Plant micronutrients include:

A

Iron

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15
Q

Sulfur is considered:

A

Macronutrient

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16
Q

Which plant nutrient leaches the fastest through the soil?

A

Nitrogen

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17
Q

Which plant nutrient leaches the slowest through the soil?

A

Phosphorus

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18
Q

When soil bacteria turn atmospheric nitrogen to plant available forms of nitrogen, it is called what?

A

Fixation

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19
Q

What process converts organic N to inorganic N?

A

Mineralization

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20
Q

Which of the following nutrients are beneficial but not essential?

A

Sodium

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21
Q

When plant nutrients move along a concentration gradient, it is called what?

A

Diffusion

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22
Q

What are the structural components of plants?

A

Hydrogen, Carbon, and Oxygen

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23
Q

What plant element is needed in the largest quantity?

A

Carbon

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24
Q

What soil texture needs the most amount of lime to change the pH from 4 to 5?

A

Clay

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25
Q

What soil texture has the lowest buffering capacity?

A

Sand

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26
Q

When going from a pH 5 to a pH 6, the pH 5 soil has how much more acidity

A

10

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27
Q

What type of clay will have the highest cation exchange capacity (CEC)?

A

2:1 type

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28
Q

What soil pH has the highest cation exchange capacity (CEC)?

A

pH 7

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29
Q

In a 1:1 type phyllosilicate clay, what cation replaces the aluminum, and what sheet is it replaced on?

A

Mg2+, the octahedral sheet

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30
Q

A 1:1 phyllosilicate clay has:

A

1 tetrahedral sheet to 1 octahedral sheet

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31
Q

How do you take a soil sample?

A
  • Collect soils at the same depth (8 inches) for field crops
  • For perennial crops like fescue, alfalfa (4 inches)
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32
Q

What (7) factors affect micronutrient availability?

A
  • Soil Organic Matter
  • Other Micronutrients
  • Soil Compaction
  • Soil pH
  • Soil Water Content
  • Soil Temperature
  • Crop Grown
  • Crop variety
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33
Q

What are the 4 steps in the potassium cycle?

A
  1. K trapped in the interlayers of clay minerals is unavailable.
  2. Soil solution and exchangeable K are readily available.
  3. Can be leached out of the soil with since it is a cation (more infiltration, more loss of K).
  4. Mediated by dissolved or not dissolved.
34
Q

What are the 4 steps in the phosphorus cycle?

A
  1. Available forms: H2PO4-, HPO42-
  2. Strongly binds to Fe and Al
    oxides, so P stays where it is
    placed in the soil.
  3. P is most likely to be lost via erosion and moves very little down the soil profile.
  4. Mediated by equilibrium
    chemistry.
35
Q

What questions need to be asked and answered when talking about nutrient management? (4)

A

Amount, Timing, Source, Placement

36
Q

What is a root interception?

A

It is when roots obtain nutrients by physically
contacting nutrients in soil solution or on soil surfaces.

37
Q

What percent of root contact soil volume?

A

1%

38
Q

Mycorrhizal infection of
root increase root-soil
contact. TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

39
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

It is when nutrients move from higher concentration in the bulk soil solution to lower concentration at the root.

40
Q

In the time it takes NO3-
to diffuse 1 cm how much does K+ diffuse?

A

0.2 cm

41
Q

In the time it takes NO3-
to diffuse 1 cm how much does H2PO4- diffuse?

A

0.02

42
Q

What is Mass Flow?

A

dissolved nutrients move to the root in soil water that is flowing towards the roots.

43
Q

What are the structural components (3) of the plant cycle?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

44
Q

What are the primary macronutrient (3) of the plant cycle?

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium

45
Q

What are the secondary macronutrients (3) of the plant cycle?

A

Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur

46
Q

What are the micronutrients (8) of the plant cycle?

A

Iron, Manganese, Boron, Zinc, Copper, Chlorine, Molybdenum, Nickle

47
Q

What are the non-essential but beneficial (5) components of the plant life cycle?

A

Sodium, Silicon, Cobalt, Selenium, Aluminum

48
Q

What elements are cations (10)?

A

Boron, Calcium, Copper, Hydrogen, Magnesium, Manganese, Nickel, Nitrogen, Potassium, Zinc

49
Q

What elements are Anions (6)?

A

Boron, Chloride, Molybdate, Nitrogen, Phosphate, Sulfate

50
Q

What is the Law of the minimum - and what year was it published?

A

It is when plant growth is improved by increasing the
supply of the deficient factor/nutrient. It was published in 1873

51
Q

What is Volatilization?

A

Removal of N from the soil by truing it into a gas that leave the soil

52
Q

What is Denitrification?

A

Conversion of nitrate to a gas form of N (ideally N2).

Need warm temperatures, low oxygen, organic matter (carbon source)

53
Q

What is crop uptake and removal?

A

Removal of N by plants and then removing plant
residues from the field.

54
Q

What factors (4) play in crop uptake and removal?

A

Crop variety
Soil type
Climate
N application (timing, source, placement, rate)

55
Q

What is mineralization?

A

Biological conversation of unavailable organic N into plant available inorganic N.

56
Q

What is Immobilization and what are the plants uptake?

A

Biological conversation of plant available N into unavailable organic N.

o NH4+
o NO3

57
Q

What is the Symbiotic biological N fixation?

A

It is when bacteria fix N2
to plant-available forms
for plants to use.

58
Q

Nitrate can easily be lost via leaching. TRUE or FALSE?

A

True

59
Q

Ammonium can easily be found via volatilization. TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE

60
Q

What is humus?

A

The organic matter fraction that has decomposed sufficiently so that the
source material is no longer recognizable.

61
Q

What are Iron and aluminum oxides?

A

Just octahedral sheets. Common in highly
weathered soils (Oxisols).

62
Q

What are 1:1 phyllosilicate type clays?

A

1 tetrahedral sheet to 1 octahedral sheet. Example kaolinite. Older/ more
weathered soils (Spodosols, Ultisols).

63
Q

What are 2:1 phyllosilicate type clays?

A

2 tetrahedral sheet to 1 octahedral sheet. Example illite. Younger soils
(Mollisols, Alfisols). Shrink swell soils
(Vertisols)

64
Q

What is CCE?

A

Neutralizing value of any liming material compared to pure calcium carbonate.

65
Q

Lime recommendations (6) changes with?

A

CCE, Buffering capacity, CEC, Lime type, Lime fineness, Soil texture

66
Q

Higher CCE =

A

less lime

67
Q

Higher buffering capacity =

A

more lime

68
Q

Higher CEC =

A

more lime

69
Q

More pure lime =

A

less lime

70
Q

Smaller lime particles =

A

changes pH faster

71
Q

More clay =

A

more lime

72
Q

What are some beneficial effects (5) of liming?

A
  1. Crop yield improvement
  2. Nutrient availability effects
  3. Improved microbial activity
  4. Improved legume fixation of N
  5. Ca and Mg addition
73
Q

Calcitic lime =

A

only Ca

74
Q

Dolomitic lime =

A

Ca and Mg

75
Q

What is Residual acidity?

A

– H+ or Al3+ that are bound to clay or OM and NOT
exchangeable.

76
Q

What is Exchangeable acidity?

A

H+ and Al3+ that are on
exchange sites of clay
or OM negative sites.

77
Q

What is Active acidity?

A

H+ or Al3+ in the water of soil
and a measure of how
acidic the soil is.

78
Q

What is Buffering capacity?

A

It is a soils ability to
resist change in pH.

79
Q

Soils with high humus or clay have
low buffering capacities. TRUE or FALSE

A

False

80
Q

Sandy soils have low buffering
capacities. TRUE or FALSE

A

True

81
Q
A

SSC 200 (2 decks)

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