Exam 3 Review Flashcards
Reputation
The prominence of a brand in the minds of the public and the perceived quality of its goods and services. it depends largely on trust.
Trust
The willingness to be vulnerable to a trustee based on positive expectations about the. trustee’s actions and intentions
Justice
the perceived fairness of an authority’s decision making
Ethics
The degree to which the behaviors of an authority are in accordance with generally accepted moral norms
Disposition-based trust
A general expectation that the words, promises, and statements of individuals and groups can be relied upon
Cognition-based trust
trustworthiness – the characteristics or attributes of a trustee that inspire trust
Ability
the skills and abilities that enable an authority to be successful in a given area
Benevolence
the belief that the authority wants to do good for the trustor, apart from any selfish or profit-centered motives
Integrity
the perception that the authority adhered to a set of values and principles and the trustor finds acceptable
Affect-based trust
trust rooted in emotion rather than reason
Distributive justice
perceptions of fairness related to whether or not outcomes have been allocated in accordance with accepted norms
procedural justice
perceptions of fairness related to whether or not the rules of fair process have been followed
voice
do employees have a chance to express their opinions?
correctability
can employees request an appeal when a procedure seems to have worked ineffectively?
Consistency
are procedures consistent across people and time?
Bias Supression
Are procedures neutral and unbiased?
Representativeness
Do procedures consider the needs or all groups?
Accuracy
Are procedures based on accurate information
interpersonal justice
perceptions of fairness related to whether or not authorities treat people with fairness when implementing rules
respect rule
are people treated in a dignified and sincere manner?
propriety rule
Do authorities refrain from making improper or offensive remarks
Abusive supervision
behaviors that are extremely unfair from an interpersonal justice perspective, with sustained displays of hostile verbal and nonverbal behavior
Information justice
perceptions of fairness related to whether or not the communications provided to employees during organizational decision-making are fair
justification rule
have authorities explained the decision-making procedures and outcomes in a comprehensive and reasonable manner?
truthfulness rule
have authorities been honest and candid in their communications
Moral awareness
When an authority recognizes that a moral issue exists in a situation or that an ethical standard or principle is relevant to the circumstance
moral intensity
the degree to which the issue has moral urgency - driven by potential for harm and social pressure
Moral attentiveness
the degree to which people chronically perceive and consider issues of morality
Moral judgement
the process people use to determine whether a particular course of action is ethical or unethical
preconventional
focuses on the consequences of actions for the individual
conventional
stage references the expectations of one’s family and society
Principled
most advanced - used a set of defined, established moral principles
moral inent
reflects an authority’s degree of commitment to the moral course of action
moral identity
the degree to which people see themselves as a “moral person”
Learning
reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee’s knowledge or skill that result from experience
decision making
the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem
Expertise
the knowledge and skills that distinguish experts from novices and less experienced people – these difference are almost always a function of learning
Explicit knowledge
information that can be communicated verbally or in writing
tacit knowledge
information that is gained from experience
Reinforcement
people learn by observing the link between voluntary behavior and the consequences that follow it
Antecedent
condition that precedes behavior
positive reinforcement
positive outcome that follows a positive behavior
negative reinforcement
an unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behavior
punishment
an unwanted outcome that follows an unwanted behavior
Extinction
the removal of a consequence follows an unwanted behavior
continuous schedule
specific consequence follows each and every occurence of a desired behavior
fixed interval
workers rewarded after a certain amount of time, the time between reinforcement stays the same.
variable interval
workers rewarded after a certain amount of time, and the time between reinforcement varies
fixed ratio
behaviors reinforced after a certain number of them have been exhibited
variable ratio
people are rewarded after a varying number of exhibited behaviors
social learning theory
argues that people in organizations have the ability to learn through the observation of others
behavioral modeling
involves observing and learning from others and then repeating the action
goal orientation
affect learning behaviors and outcomes
learning orientation
building competence is deemed more important than demonstrating competence
performance-prove orientation
focus is on demonstrating competence so that others think favorably of them
performance-avoid orientation
focus is on demonstrating competence so that others will not think poorly of them
programmed decisions
decisions that become somewhat automatic because a person’s knowledge allows them to recognize and identify a situation and the course of action that needs to be taken
Intuition
emotionally charged judgement arising through quick, non conscious, and holistic associations
crisis situation
urgent problem that must be addressed immediately
non-programmed decisions
decisions make in situations that are new, complex, and not recognized
Bounded rationality
decision makers do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives to make an optimal decision
satisficing
decision makers often use the first acceptable alternative they encounter, rather than evaluation all alternatives to see which one is best
selective perception
tendency to see the environment only as it affects them, consistent with their expectations
projection bias
belief that others think, feel, and act the same way they do
social identity theory
people identify with groups and judge others by their group memberships
stereotype
assumptions made about others on the basis of their membership in a social group
heuristics
simple, efficient rules of thumb that allow us to make decisions more easily
availability bias
tendency to base judgements on information that is easier to recall
fundamental attribution error
people have a tendency to judge others’ behaviors as due to internal factors
self-serving bias
suggests that people attribute their own failures to external factors, and their own successes to internal factors
concensus
did others act the same way under similar situations
distinctiveness
do these people tend to act differently in other circumstances
consistency
do these people always do this when performing this task
escalation fo commitment
the decision to continue to follow a failing course of action
ability
refers to the relatively stable capabilities people have to perform a particular range of different but related activities
cognitive abilities
capabilities related to the acquisition and application of the knowledge in problem solving
verbal ability
refers to capabilities associated with understanding and expressing oral and written communication
oral comprehension
the ability to understand spoken words and sentences
written comprehension
the ability to understand written words and sentences
oral expression
the ability to communicate ideas by speaking
written expression
the ability to communicate ideas in writing
quantitative ability
two types of mathematical capabilities
number facility
the capability to do simple math operations such as adding and subtracting
mathematical reasoning
the ability to choose and apply formulas to solve problems that involve numbers
reasoning ability
diverse set of abilities associated with sensing and solving problems using insight, rules, and logic
problem sensitivity
the ability to sense that there is a problem, or one is likely to occur
deductive reasoning
refers to the use of general rules or hypotheses as a starting point to solve a problem
inductive reasoning
the ability to generate a hypothesis and plausible solution from pieces of information
originality
the ability to develop clever, novel ways to solve problems
spatial ability
capabilities associated with visual and mental representation and manipulation of objects in space
spatial orientation
a good understanding of where one is relative to other things in the environment
visualization
the ability to imagine how separate things will look if they are put together in a particular way
perceptual ability
being able to perceive, understand, and recall pieces of information
speed and flexibility of closure
being able to sick out a pattern of information quickly in the presence of distracting information
perceptual speed
being able to examine and compare numbers, letters and objects quickly
general cognitive ability
an explanation for the consistency in the levels of different cognitive abilities within a person
emotional intelligence
the human ability that affects social functioning
strength
the degree to which the body is capable of exerting force
stamina
ability of lungs and circulatory system to work efficiently for prolonged period
flexibility and coordination
ability to stretch, bend, twist, or reach
psychomotor
capacity to manipulate or control objects
sensory
capabilities associated with vision or hearing
personality
consists of the structures and propensities inside us that explain our characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior
traits
recurring trends in people’s responses to their environment
cultural values
shared beliefs about desirable end states or modes of conduct in a given culture
extroversion
being energized by people and social interactions
introversion
being energized by private time and reflection
sensing
preferring clear and concrete facts and data
intuition
preferring hunches and speculations based on theory and imagination
thinking
approaching decisions with logic and critical analysis
feeling
approaching decisions with an emphasis on others’ needs and feelings
judging
approaching tasks by planning and setting goals
perceiving
preferring to have flexibility and spontaneity when performing tasks
RIASEC
Realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional
culture
the shared values, beliefs, motives, identities, and interpretations that result from common experiences of members of a society and are transmitted across generations
cultural values
shared beliefs and desirable end states or modes of conduct in a given culture
