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Anthropology > Exam #3 Review > Flashcards

Exam #3 Review Flashcards

1
Q

first-wave feminism

A

women’s suffrage movement in Europe and the US, women get the right to vote in 1918

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2
Q

second-wave feminism

A

broadening the topics of gender equality, sexuality, family, and the workplace

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3
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

marked differences in male and female biology besides the primary and secondary sexual features

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4
Q

gender types

A

male, female, and others

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5
Q

sexual orientation

A

a person’s habitual sexual attractions and activities

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6
Q

gender roles

A

tasks and activities that a culture assigns to each sex

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7
Q

gender stereotypes

A

oversimplified, strongly held ideas of the characteristics of men and women

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8
Q

gender stratification

A

unequal distribution of rewards between men and women, reflecting different positions in a social hierarchy

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9
Q

generally male activities

A

hunting large animals, metalworking, lumbering, building boats, mining and quarrying

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10
Q

swing (male or female) activities

A

making fire, body mutilation, preparing skins, planting crops, harvesting, milking, loom weaving, making pottery

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11
Q
A
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11
Q

generally female activities

A

gathering, making drinks, gathering, spinning, laundry, cooking

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12
Q

domestic-public dichotomy

A

strong differentiation between home and the outside world

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13
Q

matrilineal descent

A

descent traced through women

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14
Q

matrilocality

A

residence after marriage is with the wife’s family

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15
Q

patrilineal-patrilocal complex

A

male supremacy is based on patrilineality, patrilocality, and possibly warfare

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16
Q

nuclear family

A

parents and children who live together in the same household

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17
Q

extended family

A

three or more generation who live in the same household

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18
Q

descent groups

A

groups based on belief in a shared ancestry

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19
Q

family of orientation

A

the family in which you are born and grow up in

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20
Q

family of procreation

A

formed when one marries and has children

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21
Q

neolocality

A

living situation in which a couple establishes a new household

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22
Q

expanded family household

A

a household with a group of relatives other than or in addition to a married couple and their children

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23
Q

blended family

A

at least one parent has children that are not biologically or adoptive related to the other spouse or partner

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24
Q

lineage

A

unilineal descent group based on demonstrated descent

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25
Q

clan

A

descent group that claims common descent from an apical ancestor but cannot demonstrate it - stipulated descent

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26
Q

ambilineal descent

A

people choose the descent group to which they belong

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27
Q

kinship calculation

A

how people in a society reckon their kin relationships

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28
Q

kin terms

A

specific words used for different relatives in a particular language and system of kinship calculation

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29
Q

bilateral kinship

A

kin links through males and females are perceived as similar or equivalent

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30
Q

matrilineal skewing

A

preference for relatives on the mother’s side

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31
Q

lineal relatives

A

direct ancestors or descendants

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32
Q

collateral relatives

A

all other kin, including siblings, nieces, nephews, aunts, uncles, and cousins

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33
Q

affinals

A

related by marriage

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34
Q

bifurcate merging kinship terminology

A

splits the mother’s side from the father’s side, but also merges the same-sex siblings of each parent (ex: mother’s sister is also mother)

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35
Q

generational terminology

A

uses the same terms for parents and their same-sex siblings, but merging is more complete

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36
Q

bifurcate collateral terminology

A

separate terms are used for each of six kin types of the parental generation

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37
Q

rights established by marriage

A
  • establishing legal parentage
  • giving a monopoly on the sexuality of the other
  • giving rights to the labor and property of the other
  • establishing a joint fund of property
  • establishing a socially significant “relationship of affinity” between spouses and their relatives
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38
Q

exogamy

A

the practice of seeking a spouse outside of one’s own group

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39
Q

incest

A

sexual relations with a close relative

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40
Q

endogamy

A

marriage of people from the same group

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41
Q

dowry

A

marital exchange in which the wife’s group provides substantial gifts to the husband’s family

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42
Q

lobola

A

substantial marital gift from a husband and his kin to the wife and her kin

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43
Q

sororate

A

husband may marry the wife’s sister if his wife dies

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44
Q

levirate

A

right to marry the husband’s brother if the husband dies

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45
Q

polygamy

A

being married to more than one person at the same time

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46
Q

polygyny

A

a man has more than one wife

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47
Q

polyandry

A

a woman has more than one husband

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48
Q

polyamory

A

multiple romantic partners

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49
Q

food production

A

plant cultivation

50
Q

adaptive strategy

A

a group’s main system of economic production - a way of making a living

51
Q

adaptive strategies based on food production

A
  • horticulture
  • agriculture
  • pastoralism
52
Q

horticulture

A

nonindustrial plant cultivation with fallowing, non-permanent, non-intensive, simple tools

53
Q

agriculture

A

cultivation using land and labor continuously and intensively, needs water source, exhausts the land quickly

54
Q

pastoralism

A

herders whose activities focus on such domesticated animals as cattle, sheep, goats, camels, and yaks

55
Q

economy

A

system for production, distribution, and consumption of resources

56
Q

mode of production

A

way of organizing production

57
Q

production in nonindustrial societies

A

division of economic labor - tasks vary by age and sex in each society

58
Q

preindustrial market exchange

A

central marketplace, bargaining/set or fixed prices

59
Q

aztec market system

A
  • state economy: tribute based on specific resources
  • marketplaces: household craft production
  • pochteca: protected merchant class
60
Q

redistrubution

A

flow of goods into a center, then back out; characteristic of chiefdoms

61
Q

reciprocity

A

exchange between social equals, normally related by kinship, marriage, or close personal ties

62
Q

potlatch

A

native american tradition from the PNW, surplus resources are gathered and burned, prevents resource hoarding

63
Q

power

A

ability to exercise one’s will over others

64
Q

authority

A

the formal, socially approved use of power

65
Q

band

A

small kin-based group found among foragers

66
Q

tribe

A

economy based on horticulture and pastoralism

67
Q

chiefdom

A

intermediate form between tribe and state that featured differential access to resources and a permanent political structure

68
Q

state

A

formal governmental structure and socioeconomic stratification

69
Q

charismatic authority

A

headmen

70
Q

traditional authority

A

chiefs

71
Q

legal authority

A

rulers

72
Q

village head

A

local tribal leader with limited authority

73
Q

big man

A

like a village head, except his authority is regional and he may have influence over more than one village

74
Q

pantribal sodalities

A

groups that extend across a whole tribe, spanning several villages

75
Q

superordinate

A

upper, elite group in a stratified society, privileged access to wealth, power, and valued resources

76
Q

subordinate

A

lower, underprivileged group in a stratified society, limited by the privileged group

77
Q

elements of state control

A
  • population control
  • judiciary system
  • enforcement
  • fiscal support
  • social control
78
Q

hegemony

A

subordinates comply by internalizing rulers’ values and accepting the “naturalness” of domination

79
Q

religion

A

belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces

80
Q

animism

A

belief in spiritual beings

81
Q

polytheism

A

belief in multiple gods

82
Q

monotheism

A

belief in a single, all-powerful deity

83
Q

ritual

A

formal, stylized, repetitive, stereotyped behavior, based on a liturgical order

84
Q

magic

A

supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims

85
Q

totem

A

animal, plant, or geographic feature associated with a specific social group, to which that totem is sacred or symbolically important

86
Q

cosmology

A

system, often religious, for imagining and understanding the universe

87
Q

world’s largest religions

A

christianity, islam, hinduism, buddhism

88
Q

antimodernism

A

rejecting the modern in favor of what is percieved as an earlier, purer, and better way of life

89
Q

fundamentalism

A

advocating for strict fidelity to a religion’s presumed founding principles

90
Q

arts

A

an object, event, or other expressive form that evokes an aesthetic reaction

91
Q

expressive culture

A

describes manifestation of human creativity

92
Q

ethnomusicology

A

comparative study of the world’s music and of music as an aspect of culture and society

93
Q

capitalist world economy

A

world system committed to production for sale or exchange with the object of maximising profits rather than supplying domestic needs

94
Q

capital

A

wealth or resources invested with the intent of producing profit

95
Q

world-system theory

A

a social system, based on wealth and power differentials, that transcends individual countries

96
Q

core

A

dominant position in the world system, nations with advanced means of production

97
Q

semiperiphery

A

industrialized nations that fill and intermediate position between core and periphery

98
Q

periphery

A

world’s least privileged and least powerful nations

99
Q

bourgeoisie

A

owned the means of production

100
Q

working class/proletariat

A

people who had to sell their labor to survive

101
Q

proletarianization

A

separation of workers from the means of production

102
Q

colonialism

A

political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time

103
Q

imperialism

A

policy of extending the rule of one nation or empire over others

104
Q

neoliberalism

A

governments should not regulate private enterprise; free market forces should rule

105
Q

small-c communism

A

social system in which property is owned by the community and in which people work for the common good

106
Q

large-C Communism

A

political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism and establish a form of communism such as that which prevailed in the Soviet Union (1917-1991)

107
Q

socialism

A

sociopolitical organization and economic system in which the means of production are owned and controlled by the government

108
Q

ascribed status

A

social status based on limited choice

109
Q

achieved status

A

social status based on choices or accomplishments

110
Q

race

A

an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis

111
Q

hypodescent

A

children of mixed unions assigned to the same group as their minority parent

112
Q

assimilation

A

the absorption of minorities within a dominant culture

113
Q

plural society

A

a society with economically interdependent ethnic groups

114
Q

multiculturalism

A

the view of cultural diversity as valuable and worth maintaining

115
Q

cultural colonialism

A

the internal domination by one group and its culture or ideology over others

116
Q

ambilineal descent

A

a flexible descent rule, neither patrilineal nor matrilineal

117
Q

mana

A

a sacred, impersonal force

118
Q

liminality

A

the in-between phase of a rite of passage

119
Q

communitas

A

an intense feeling of social solidarity

120
Q

market principle

A

buying, selling, and valuation based on supply and demand

121
Q

generalized reciprocity

A

closely related, deferred return

122
Q

negative reciprocity

A

strangers, immediate return

123
Q
A

Anthropology (2 decks)

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