Exam #3 Review Flashcards
first-wave feminism
women’s suffrage movement in Europe and the US, women get the right to vote in 1918
second-wave feminism
broadening the topics of gender equality, sexuality, family, and the workplace
sexual dimorphism
marked differences in male and female biology besides the primary and secondary sexual features
gender types
male, female, and others
sexual orientation
a person’s habitual sexual attractions and activities
gender roles
tasks and activities that a culture assigns to each sex
gender stereotypes
oversimplified, strongly held ideas of the characteristics of men and women
gender stratification
unequal distribution of rewards between men and women, reflecting different positions in a social hierarchy
generally male activities
hunting large animals, metalworking, lumbering, building boats, mining and quarrying
swing (male or female) activities
making fire, body mutilation, preparing skins, planting crops, harvesting, milking, loom weaving, making pottery
generally female activities
gathering, making drinks, gathering, spinning, laundry, cooking
domestic-public dichotomy
strong differentiation between home and the outside world
matrilineal descent
descent traced through women
matrilocality
residence after marriage is with the wife’s family
patrilineal-patrilocal complex
male supremacy is based on patrilineality, patrilocality, and possibly warfare
nuclear family
parents and children who live together in the same household
extended family
three or more generation who live in the same household
descent groups
groups based on belief in a shared ancestry
family of orientation
the family in which you are born and grow up in
family of procreation
formed when one marries and has children
neolocality
living situation in which a couple establishes a new household
expanded family household
a household with a group of relatives other than or in addition to a married couple and their children
blended family
at least one parent has children that are not biologically or adoptive related to the other spouse or partner
lineage
unilineal descent group based on demonstrated descent
clan
descent group that claims common descent from an apical ancestor but cannot demonstrate it - stipulated descent
ambilineal descent
people choose the descent group to which they belong
kinship calculation
how people in a society reckon their kin relationships
kin terms
specific words used for different relatives in a particular language and system of kinship calculation
bilateral kinship
kin links through males and females are perceived as similar or equivalent
matrilineal skewing
preference for relatives on the mother’s side
lineal relatives
direct ancestors or descendants
collateral relatives
all other kin, including siblings, nieces, nephews, aunts, uncles, and cousins
affinals
related by marriage
bifurcate merging kinship terminology
splits the mother’s side from the father’s side, but also merges the same-sex siblings of each parent (ex: mother’s sister is also mother)
generational terminology
uses the same terms for parents and their same-sex siblings, but merging is more complete
bifurcate collateral terminology
separate terms are used for each of six kin types of the parental generation
rights established by marriage
- establishing legal parentage
- giving a monopoly on the sexuality of the other
- giving rights to the labor and property of the other
- establishing a joint fund of property
- establishing a socially significant “relationship of affinity” between spouses and their relatives
exogamy
the practice of seeking a spouse outside of one’s own group
incest
sexual relations with a close relative
endogamy
marriage of people from the same group
dowry
marital exchange in which the wife’s group provides substantial gifts to the husband’s family
lobola
substantial marital gift from a husband and his kin to the wife and her kin
sororate
husband may marry the wife’s sister if his wife dies
levirate
right to marry the husband’s brother if the husband dies
polygamy
being married to more than one person at the same time
polygyny
a man has more than one wife
polyandry
a woman has more than one husband
polyamory
multiple romantic partners
food production
plant cultivation
adaptive strategy
a group’s main system of economic production - a way of making a living
adaptive strategies based on food production
- horticulture
- agriculture
- pastoralism
horticulture
nonindustrial plant cultivation with fallowing, non-permanent, non-intensive, simple tools
agriculture
cultivation using land and labor continuously and intensively, needs water source, exhausts the land quickly
pastoralism
herders whose activities focus on such domesticated animals as cattle, sheep, goats, camels, and yaks
economy
system for production, distribution, and consumption of resources
mode of production
way of organizing production
production in nonindustrial societies
division of economic labor - tasks vary by age and sex in each society
preindustrial market exchange
central marketplace, bargaining/set or fixed prices
aztec market system
- state economy: tribute based on specific resources
- marketplaces: household craft production
- pochteca: protected merchant class
redistrubution
flow of goods into a center, then back out; characteristic of chiefdoms
reciprocity
exchange between social equals, normally related by kinship, marriage, or close personal ties
potlatch
native american tradition from the PNW, surplus resources are gathered and burned, prevents resource hoarding
power
ability to exercise one’s will over others
authority
the formal, socially approved use of power
band
small kin-based group found among foragers
tribe
economy based on horticulture and pastoralism
chiefdom
intermediate form between tribe and state that featured differential access to resources and a permanent political structure
state
formal governmental structure and socioeconomic stratification
charismatic authority
headmen
traditional authority
chiefs
legal authority
rulers
village head
local tribal leader with limited authority
big man
like a village head, except his authority is regional and he may have influence over more than one village
pantribal sodalities
groups that extend across a whole tribe, spanning several villages
superordinate
upper, elite group in a stratified society, privileged access to wealth, power, and valued resources
subordinate
lower, underprivileged group in a stratified society, limited by the privileged group
elements of state control
- population control
- judiciary system
- enforcement
- fiscal support
- social control
hegemony
subordinates comply by internalizing rulers’ values and accepting the “naturalness” of domination
religion
belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces
animism
belief in spiritual beings
polytheism
belief in multiple gods
monotheism
belief in a single, all-powerful deity
ritual
formal, stylized, repetitive, stereotyped behavior, based on a liturgical order
magic
supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims
totem
animal, plant, or geographic feature associated with a specific social group, to which that totem is sacred or symbolically important
cosmology
system, often religious, for imagining and understanding the universe
world’s largest religions
christianity, islam, hinduism, buddhism
antimodernism
rejecting the modern in favor of what is percieved as an earlier, purer, and better way of life
fundamentalism
advocating for strict fidelity to a religion’s presumed founding principles
arts
an object, event, or other expressive form that evokes an aesthetic reaction
expressive culture
describes manifestation of human creativity
ethnomusicology
comparative study of the world’s music and of music as an aspect of culture and society
capitalist world economy
world system committed to production for sale or exchange with the object of maximising profits rather than supplying domestic needs
capital
wealth or resources invested with the intent of producing profit
world-system theory
a social system, based on wealth and power differentials, that transcends individual countries
core
dominant position in the world system, nations with advanced means of production
semiperiphery
industrialized nations that fill and intermediate position between core and periphery
periphery
world’s least privileged and least powerful nations
bourgeoisie
owned the means of production
working class/proletariat
people who had to sell their labor to survive
proletarianization
separation of workers from the means of production
colonialism
political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time
imperialism
policy of extending the rule of one nation or empire over others
neoliberalism
governments should not regulate private enterprise; free market forces should rule
small-c communism
social system in which property is owned by the community and in which people work for the common good
large-C Communism
political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism and establish a form of communism such as that which prevailed in the Soviet Union (1917-1991)
socialism
sociopolitical organization and economic system in which the means of production are owned and controlled by the government
ascribed status
social status based on limited choice
achieved status
social status based on choices or accomplishments
race
an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis
hypodescent
children of mixed unions assigned to the same group as their minority parent
assimilation
the absorption of minorities within a dominant culture
plural society
a society with economically interdependent ethnic groups
multiculturalism
the view of cultural diversity as valuable and worth maintaining
cultural colonialism
the internal domination by one group and its culture or ideology over others
ambilineal descent
a flexible descent rule, neither patrilineal nor matrilineal
mana
a sacred, impersonal force
liminality
the in-between phase of a rite of passage
communitas
an intense feeling of social solidarity
market principle
buying, selling, and valuation based on supply and demand
generalized reciprocity
closely related, deferred return
negative reciprocity
strangers, immediate return
