Exam 3 Review Flashcards
1
Q
COLD WAR IMPACT ON CALIFORNIA
A
- Transformed the economy: ratcheted up high-tech, aerospace economy did this by bringing in new engineers and funding California universities’ research
- As more research was being done, more high-tech jobs became available more engineers and tech managers arrived
- defense industries, military funding for research, Cal Tech/ UCLA
- West coast economy became oriented around knowledge/research and universities
- Gov. Earl Warren: “rainy day fund” – public spending to ease wartime transition
- Anti-communism: Universities took on the “loyalty oath”; powerful and conservative corps (Hollywood, oil, agric. business) concerned about unions and used communist influences to attack unions
2
Q
CALIFORNIA “BOOM” – EDUCATION, HOUSING
A
- Joseph Eichler building in north around SF, built thousands of homes in the indoor-outdoor style, celebrating a Californian lifestyle
- Louis Boyar, Mark Taper, Ben Weingarter didn’t pioneer new styles of homes but instead focused on mass production building (brought in 200k their first week in Lakewood shopping center)
- Increase in population gave education an urgency universal access for education; top 8 would go to UC’s and top third would go to CSU system, junior colleges admit anyone who wanted to get in and then could be transferred to UC or CSU
- 1961 Fisher Act: complemented master plan and extended benefits to k-12. Credential structure to become a teacher
- Lakewood Plan: proposed to save money by contracting w the country for essential city services (police, fire protection, street maintenance) “contract city”. Lakewood first city, a model that has been adopted by 25% of CA cities and dozens more nationwide.
3
Q
CALIFORNIA AND ITS NATIONAL IMAGE VIA MUSIC AND POP CULTURE
A
- Beach boys before: focused on sulf culture, freedom, individualism. After: slightly darker more complex focus points/ type of music, changes w CA and how they reflect national trends
- Compton: all white suburb at first but then attracted AA, became more integrated. Provoked the realization of an AA suburban dream but then white flight, economic collapse, Watts revolt, emergence of gangs (involving guns meant for defending themselves against white mobs but eventually were used against rival gangs) Bloods vs Crips. Compton = symbol of black criminality, which black artists also exploited in order to point out white racism
- NWA: life in Compton was a character trait that rappers would take on in their personas
- CA Suenos: Mex-American musicians form their identity based on binationality revisioning and remaking the CA dream (Baja and Tijuana). Music became a way to convey stories of immigration, identity negotiation, and economic struggle. Migrant experiences being the heart of norteno music
- LA punk mocking Hollywood cult of stars, working class, and white
4
Q
FARMWORKERS
A
- Bracero program: created in response to war and internment, made formal in 1951 terminated in 1964 partly bc of protests over abuses
- Filipino workers , leader Larry Itilong, organized into Agriculture Workers Organizing Committee then joined National Farm Workers Committee to create United Farm Workers
- Dolores Huerta and Cesar Chavez created NFW association, Delano Grape strike merged unions to create UFWOC; Del Grape support = key in labor movement. Chavez became famous
- UFW had some victories in the grape field but Growers responded with suits and violence; cont. meet minimal demands for working conditions and benefits; hold the line on wages, continue to mechanize tomato, citrus, and lettuce pickers, undocumented workers became nearly 60 percent of farm labor force in 90s, threatening them w deporation
5
Q
1960S SOCIAL AND CULTURAL MOVEMENTS
A
- Racial turmoil part of the period: struggle over state Civil Rights, Rumford Act/ Prop 14, Watts, 1965, Black Panthers in Oakland
- Large black popl. in Oakland dealing w racial segregation in housing, difficulty getting hired in local business
- Picketed hotels, shops in Oakland and San Francisco; but relatively unsuccessful: frustration w jobs and then police harassment would result in formation of the Black panthers
- LA: residential segregation, hiring issues. Racist pressures from all white police force, led by police chief who was known for being unambiguously racist
- Response: California passed Rumford Fair Housing and Employment Act (TO BAN DISCRIMINATION IN SELLING HOUSES AND IN RENTING)
- Response: Prop 14 – sponsored by the California Realtors Association allowing discrimination in the name of property owners rights (won by 65% majority)
- WATTS: 1965 segregated community –> not after police arrested young black man infront of his home, rumors of police killing man and beating pregnant lady (actually his mom); national guards not trained for riots but were still sent in
- Berkley: Student “radicalism” free speech movement and protest part of the period, but also emerging “conservative” movement, anti-draft/vietnam war–> became center of counter-culture (rebelling against sterility of cold war culture)
6
Q
IMPACT OF “NEW” IMMIGRATION
A
- Labor and income taxes
- Business contributions: ~800k self-employed, 38% entrepreneurs
- 44% of fortune 500 companies in California since 1990 were founded by immigrants
- 58.2% of immigrants of all ages work; 40.7% of native-born populations work
- 27% of the population but 35% of the employed in the state
- Asian immigrants dominate by 53%
7
Q
BORDER CONCERNS AND NATIVIST REACTIONS
A
- Operation Gatekeeper: doubled border control checkpoint personnel; extended border control into the desert
- Anti-immigrant propositions:
- The tortilla wall (1992) – 14-mile fence between the Otay mesa border crossing the Pacific Ocean
- Prop 187 (1994) – designed to deny illegal immigrants social services, health care, and public education (IMMEDIATELY CHALLENGED AS UNCONSTITUTIONAL AND YEAR LATER GOV. GRAY DAVIS STOPPED STATE APPEALS)
- Prop 209 (1996) – anti-affirmative action state cannot grant preferential treatment on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education, and public contracting
- Prop 227 – required California public schools to teach ESL students in special classes that are taught nearly all in English. This provision had the effect of eliminating “bilingual” classes in most cases. Eliminated most programs in the state that provided multi-year special classes to ESL students (REPEALED BY PROP 58, 2014)
8
Q
PROP 13 IMPACT
A
- Serrano decisions California supreme court ruled that funding schools on property values violated the rights of children in poor areas “equalization” process occurred: states took some money away from rich districts to give to poor districts
- Until 1978 property taxes furnished 2/3rds of education revenues, but after prop 13, state legislature and special school bond funds took over funding for all schools
- Though equalization gave some schools a boost, the money available for schools shrank overall
- Housing cost is so high distorted real estate market from prop 13
9
Q
SILICON VALLEY AND THE INTERNET
A
- Rise of Apple
- Global center of electronics, computer chip industry (intel), personal computer industry
- Internet boom led to Cisco Systems, Oracle, Google, Facebook
- Due to wild investments and over-speculation, the collapse of NASDAQ in the late 90s
- hundreds of thousands jobs created from tech industry; however there was a two tiered economy where contract workers would be put to use but also were hired and fired at will without benefits
10
Q
CITIES AND GENTRIFICATION
A
- LA- traditionally Mex-American areas (boyle heights) = being bought up by business owners
- SF- spillover into Oakland
- Cause: enormous influx of real estate capital and high-tech money coming into housing market
11
Q
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS INTO THE 21ST CENTURY
A
- Climate change and wildfires: shortening rainy season while extending fire season, Santa Ana winds fan fire, heat waves
- Air pollution: gas vapor and other auto chemicals exposed to UV catalytic converters to help combat the smog
- Water CA begins to use every water source possible, water reconfiguration proposals
- Recycle water; toilet to tap but also preventing water from flowing out
- Desalinization of plants but environmental damage to sea life on the coasts. Another possibility, taking brackish groundwater and recycling it
- Transform California agriculture: breeding more drought tolerant varieties
- Tearing out lawns
- Recharging ground water: flood flows into groundwater basins, recharging aquifers
12
Q
ESSAY: WRITE AN ESSAY IDENTIFYING AND BRIEFLY DESCRIBING 3 DEVELOPMENTS THAT EMERGED IN CALIFORNIA STARTING IN THE 1950S INTO THE 21ST CENTURY, THAT HAVE AN IMPACT ON THE STATE TODAY. WHEN CONSIDERING THESE DEVELOPMENTS, ARE YOU OPTIMISTIC ABOUT THE FUTURE OF THE STATE?
A
- Tech industry (Silicon Valley) – grounding of new economy
- Response to environmental issues considering Air pollution and the idea and new arrival of catalytic converters; water finding solution (resilience)
- Society cultures surfacing, gay communities LGBTQ+ continuing fight to attain equality and safety for targeted communities ; counterculture
