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Cell Bio (BIOL 4004) > Exam 3 pt 4 > Flashcards

Exam 3 pt 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

contact inhibition

A

normal cells stop moving when reach contact each other, cancer cells dont do this and keep growing
* cancer cells dont need survival factors/signals
* selective advantage because proliferate when normal cells would stop

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2
Q

cancer cells alterred sugar metabolism

A
  • tumor cells have increased rate of glucose uptake
  • small amount of oxidative phosphorylation
  • cancer cells instead form lactate at high levels, promoting cell growth
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3
Q

tumors grow within

A

a framework of supporting connective tissue stroma

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4
Q

metastasis

A
  • EMT for carcinomas allows decreased adhesion and escape from parent tissue
  • enter blood through aid of angiogenesis
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4
Q

metastasis

A
  • EMT for carcinomas allows decreased adhesion and escape from parent tissue
  • enter blood through aid of angiogenesis
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5
Q

cancer critical gene

A

genes whose alteration frequenctly contributes to the causation of cancer

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6
Q

oncogenes

A
  • gain of function mutations
  • dominant
  • non mutated forms are called proto oncogenes
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7
Q

tumor supressor genes

A
  • loss of function mutations
  • often recessive
  • cant add to tester strain to find
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8
Q

_ can act as vectors for oncogenes

A

retroviruses

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9
Q

Ras oncogene

A

First identified and one of the most important cancer critical genes, it codes for a monomeric GTPase involved in control of cell proliferation

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10
Q

chromosomal rearrangements

A

The breaking and rejoining of DNA segments which can lead to the expression of a hyperactive or overexpressed fusion protein

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11
Q

EGF receptor in cancer

A

deltion that deletes extracellular domain of EGF receptor, causing it to always stay active and promote growth

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12
Q

excessive quantities of myc protein

A

causes cells to proliferate when they usually would not

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13
Q

Burkitt’s lymphoma

A

Type of lymphoma in which a translocation brings the Myc gene under the control of regulatory sequences which normally control the production of antibodies in B lymphocytes

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14
Q

individuals with heriditary form of retinoblastoma

A

have a deletion in one copy of the Rb gene in every somatic cell
* retinal cells become transformed when an event eliminates the good copy of a gene

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15
Q

loss of Rb gene

A

allows cells to enter the cell cycle when they otherwise would not

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16
Q

Rb gene

A

A universal regulator of the cell cycle in almost all cells in the body, its loss allows cells to enter the cell cycle when they otherwise would not

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17
Q

_ of tumor supressor genes causes cancer

A

inactivation

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18
Q

ways to see tumor supressor genes

A
  • sequencing of cancer cell genomes
  • analysis of methylation patterns
  • karyotype analysis
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19
Q

drivers of cancer

A

Group of mutations present in a tumor that play a role in the development of the cancer

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20
Q

drivers of cancer

A

Group of mutations present in a tumor that play a role in the development of the cancer

21
Q

passenger mutations

A

Group of mutations present in a tumor that arise due to the genetic instability of the cancer, but are irrelevant to the development of the disease

22
Q

mutations found at _ are candidates for drivers

A

high frequencies

23
Q

uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells requires the loss of restraints on

A

cell cycle progression and also regulate cell growth

24
Q

Warburg effect

A

The excessive rate of glycolysis that is observed in tumor cells
* result of PI3/AKt/mTOR pathway being activated abnormally

25
Q

loss of p53 promotes cancer in four ways

A
  • allows DNA damage to continue throughout cell cycle
  • allows damaged cells to escape apoptosis
  • allows continues division of damages cells
  • cells become relatively resistant to anticancer drugs
26
Q

_ copy/s of p53 has to be mutated

A

one copy only

27
Q

cancer stem cells

A

Small subset of tumor cells which maintain the tumor cell population and are less sensitive to many types of anti-cancer therapies; they undergo self-renew without limit and give rise to transit amplifying cancer cells

28
Q

carcinogens

A

Any agent (i.e. chemicals or radiation) that causes increased cancer rates

29
Q

Ames test

A

A quick and accurate test for mutagenicity using bacteria defective in histidine synthesis and DNA repair
* if colony grow, then mutation has corrected his synthe
* means it is a mutagen

30
Q

the most potent carcinogens are intially

A

initally chemically inert and only become damaging when altered by ctochrome p-450 oxidases in the liver

31
Q

Hep A and B causes

A

liver cancer

32
Q

HPV

A

Virus which causes warts, and is implicated in most cases of cervical cancer

33
Q

products of viral oncogenes bind

A

Rb and p53

34
Q

binding of Rb by _ allows _

A

E7 and E3 allows incontrolled entry into S phase

35
Q

binding of p53 by _ allows _

A

E6 allows continued proliferation of abnormal cells

36
Q

Brca 1 and 2 are

A

needed for homologous recombination, repair double stranded breaks

37
Q

PARP

A

repairs single stranded breaks

38
Q

Brac1 and 2 tumor supressor genes

A

Mutations in these tumor suppressor genes predispose humans to breast and ovarian cancers

39
Q

drugs that block PARP

A

kill cells that dnt have Brac but spare normal cells
* good treatment

40
Q

philadelphia translocation results in

A

formation of a hyperactive tyrosine kinase

41
Q

imatinib (gleeve)

A
  • binds and inhibits the activity of Bcr-Abl protein
  • cells with philadelphia chromosome are yeeted
  • relapse when cancer cells develop resistance to the drug
42
Q

The process by which an initial mildly disordered cell behavior gradually accumulates more mutations and evolves into a full-blown cancer.

A

tumor progression

43
Q

Human cancer cells display _____________________ which causes them to accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate.

A

genetic instability

44
Q

Loss-of-function mutations in these genes can promote the formation of cancer

A

tumor suppressor genes

45
Q

A cancer arising from connective tissue or muscle cells.

A

sarcoma

46
Q

Tumors whose cells have acquired the ability to invade other tissues are referred to as ______________________

A

malignant

47
Q

Hepatitis-B and C cause

A

chronic inflammation of the liver (hepatitis) and are implicated in the development of liver cancer.

48
Q

T or F: Oncogenes directly promote cancer by causing unregulated cell proliferation, while tumor suppressor mutations only promote cancer indirectly by causing genetic instability.

A

False

49
Q

Most carcinogens are also .

A

mutagens

50
Q

The activity of cytochrome P-450 oxidases in the liver may

A

sometimes convert chemically inert substances into potent carcinogens.

Cell Bio (BIOL 4004) (8 decks)

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