Exam 3 Practice Questions Flashcards
1
Q
Where does glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell?
A
The cytoplasm
2
Q
In glycolysis, what type of enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate?
A
A kinase
3
Q
Define Kinase
A
An enzyme involved in phosphoryl group transfer
4
Q
In glycolysis, what type of enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate?
A
An isomerase
isomerase: Conversion between isomers
5
Q
In glycolysis, how many ATP are required to convert 1 molecule of glucose to a molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate?
A
2 ATP required
*** At this point, no ATP have been generated
6
Q
In glycolysis, 1,3-biphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate by the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase. What other reaction is coupled to this process?
A
ADP –> ATP
7
Q
The net reaction of 1 glucose molecule that is converted to 2 molecules of pyruvate results in the production of how many molecules of NADH?
A
2
This reaction happens 2x per glucose
8
Q
The net reaction of 1 glucose molecule that is converted to 2 molecules of pyruvate results i the NET production of how many molecules of ATP?
A
2 molecules of ATP
= -2 molecules of ATP expended
+4 molecules of ATP generated.
Total yield = 2
9
Q
In the presence of 02, pyruvate will be converted predominantly to which molecule?
A
Acetyl CoA
10
Q
What is the most direct purpose of the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol under anaerobic conditions in organisms that do fermentation?
A
To regenerate NAD+
11
Q
Gluconeogenesis utilizes a lot of the same reactions as glycolysis but in reverse. There are however a few unique steps in the gluconeogenesis pathway. What intermediate is seen in the pathway of gluconeogenesis that is not seen in glycolosis?
A
Oxaloacetate
12
Q
In the Cori cycle, _____ is converted to _____ in the liver
A
Lactate, glucose
13
Q
In gluconeogensis, fructose 1,6-biphosphate is converted to fructose-6-phosphate by what class of enzyme?
A
phosphatase
14
Q
When pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, what are the other products of the reaction?
A
NADH and CO2
15
Q
Coenzyme A contains what organic functional group that binds acetyl groups?
A
Thiol
16
Q
The condensation of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate is catalyze by what type of enzyme?
A
Synthase
17
Q
The oxidation of isocitrate to form alpha-ketoglutarate is catalyze by what type of enzyme?
A
Dehydrogenase
18
Q
How many CO2 are released for every acetyl CoA that is metabolized via the TCA cycle?
A
2
19
Q
Approximately how many equivalents of ATP are generated (both directly and indirectly) per every acetyl CoA that is metabolized via the TCA cycle?
A
10 equivalents
20
Q
A function of the glyoxylate cycle is:
A
to allow acetyl CoA to be converted into glucose
21
Q
Complexes I, II, and III of the electron transport chain all contain what common cofactor?
A
Fe-S clusters
22
Q
Which complexes in the electron transport chain contribute to the proton gradient that is established across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
A
Complexes I, III, And IV
NOT II
23
Q
How many electrons are required to reduce 1 molecule of O2 to 2 molecules of H2O?
A
4
24
Q
In the Boyer binding change mechanism for ATP synthase, proton passage through the protein complex results in ________
A
rotation of the Y subunit
25
Which form of electromagnetic radiation would have the highest energy per photon?
red vl, violet vl, in waves, microwaves, radio waves
Violet visible light
chart as follows lowest to highest energy:(lowest) rad, mic, in waves, R O Y G B V (highest)
26
Electrons are transferred from the special pair of chlorophyll molecules in photosystem II p680 most directly to which molecule?
plastoquinone
27
The water oxidizing complex, or oxygen evolving complex, contains which metal ion cofactor?
Manganese (Mn)
28
In the series of light dependent reactions, electrons are ultimately transferred from ________-
H20 to NADP+
29
If one mol of O2 was produced via the light dependent reactions in photosynthesis, how many mol of NADPH were produced?
2
30
Which scientist determined the series of steps for the reduction of CO2 to glucose in photosynthetic organisms?
Calvin
31
How many molecules of ATP and NADPH would be required to fix 6 molecules of CO2 via the Calvin cycle?
18 ATP, 12 NADPH
32
How many molecules of ATP and NADPH are required to fix 1 molecule of Co2 via the calvin cycle?
3 ATP 2 NADPH
33
The first step in the storage of glucose as glycogen is the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate. What type of enzyme catalyzes this reaction?
Mutase
Mutase: catalyzes shift of functional group from one position to another within the same molecule
34
Glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase are regulated by phosphorylation and coordinate regulation.
Which of the scenarios below could describe the coordinate regulation of these two enzymes?
phosphorylation activates glycogen phosphorylase while making glycogen synthase less active.
De-phosphorylation activates glycogen synthase while making glycogen phosphorylase less active
35
One function of the pentose pathway is to:
make NADPH
36
The reactions of glycolysis convert one molecule of glucose to _____.
2 molecules of pyruvate
37
Describe the group of enzymes termed kinases:
Kinases catalyze the transfer of a phosphoryl group from one molecule to another
38
Define phosphates
Phosphatases catalyze the removal of a phosphoryl group from a substrate
39
Define mutases:
Mutases catalyze the intramolecular transfer of a phosphate group from one position to another on a substrate molecule.
40
Define dehydrogenases
dehydrogenases catalyze the transfer of electrons between two substrates
41
define isomerases
isomerases catalyze the interconversion of two isomers
42
In glycolysis, what type of enzymes catalyzes the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
dehydrogenase
43
in the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, what other molecule serves as a cosubstrate?
ATP
44
The conversion of 1 molecule of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate results in a net release of how many molecules of CO2?
0
45
What is the function of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase? (Hint: You do not need to know the specific reaction catalyzed by this enzyme to answer this question.)
oxidation by NAD+ to form NADH and an acyl-phosphate
46
The regeneration of ____ in the reduction of pyruvate to lactate sustains glycolysis under anaerobic conditions.
NAD+
47
In the gluconeogenesis pathway, the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate involves all of the following as substrates or products except ______.
NADH
48
What is the major tissue in which gluconeogenesis takes place?
liver
49
CoA contains what functional organic group that binds acetyl groups?
thiol
50
Pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. Another product in this reaction is _____
NADH
51
Pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. Another product in this reaction is ____
CO2
52
Which of the following is not a cofactor or cosubstrate of pyruvate dehydrogenase?
ATP
53
What is the first step of the TCA cycle?
Condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate
54
Which enzyme catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate
citrate synthase
55
What is a synthase?
enzyme that catalyzes the linking of two molecules
56
What does TCA cycle stand for?
Tri carboxylic acid cycle
57
What is the second step of the TCA cycle?
The rearrangement of citrate to isocitrate
58
What is aconitase?
A moonlighting enzyme that has a cofactor for Fe-S clusters
***this is important as 1. it regulates this step (2) of the TCA cycle and 2. the protein synthesis in iron transfer into the cell and iron storage
- Iron in your cells is not a good thing, typically bound to ferritin, apoaconitase can make ferritin
moonlighting: two different jobs within the cell
59
In the next step of the TCA cycle (3), isocitrate and NAD+ are converted to a-ketoglutarate and NADH.
What type of enzyme do you think catalyzes the reaction?
Dehydrogenase
60
In the conversion of isocitrate to a-ketogluatarate (3), what happens?
2 electron oxidation couples to reduction of NAD+
Release of CO2
61
What is the function of a dehydrogenase?
Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions by transferring electrons to electron acceptor
62
How many carbons are in isocitrate?
6
63
How many carbons are in a-ketoglutarate?
5
64
What is step 4 of the TCA cycle?
The conversion of a-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA
65
What happens in step 4 of the TCA cycle?
2 electron oxidation couple to reduction of NAD+
Release of CO2
Formation of thioester bond with CoA
66
How many Carbons does succinyl CoA contain?
4
67
What are the 3 elements of the a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex?
TPP
Lipoamide
FAD
68
What happens in step 5-end of the TCA cycle?
Succinyl CoA is converted back to oxaloacetate
69
In the next step of the TCA cycle, succinyl CoA (which contains a high potential energy thioester bond) is converted to succinate. What other reaction would you predict may be couples to this process?
ADP + P(i) --> ATP
70
What is the only step in the TCA cycle where substrate level phosphorylation occurs?
Succinyl CoA to succinate
***only step that yield GTP (ATP) directly
71
In the next step of the TCA cycle, succinate and FAD are converted to fumarate and FADH2. What types of enzyme do you think catalyzes this reaction?
dehydrogenase
72
What occurs in the succinate to fumarate part of the TCA cycle?
2 electron oxidation couples to reduction of FAD
Succinate dehydrogenase is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane (Complex II)
this serves as a direct link to the tca cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
73
In the last step of the TCA cycle, malate is converted to oxaloacetate, what happens?
```
2 electron oxidation coupled to reduction of NAD+
ATP: 1
NADH: 3
FADH2: 1
CO2:2
```
74
In the net overall TCA cycle, what is produced per glucose?
4 CO2
6NADH
2 FADH2
2 GTP (ATP)
75
How many electrons does it take to fully oxidize our carbon?
24
76
T/F The reactions of the electron transport chain can be uncoupled form ATP synthesis.
True, this is found in animals with brown adipose tissue.
Mitochondria contain UCP-1 that transports H+ to the matrix without the concurrent synthesis of ATP-short circuits the mitochondrial proton "battery"
77
This is the name given to the hypothesis proposed by Peter Mitchell to explain how ATP synthesis is coupled to electron transport.
Chemiosmotic theory
78
If 4 mol of H+ move through ATP synthase for each ATP that is produced, the how many mol of ATP are made for each 1 mol of NADH oxidized?
2.5 mol ATP per 1/NADH
79
ATP synthase of the mitochondrial electron transport chain uses the energy contained in the H+ gradient to ______
release ATP bound to the complex after synthesis
80
Define photosynthesis:
The transformation of electromagnetic energy to chemical energy
81
What happens in light reactions?
oxidation of water to produce O2 coupled to the reduction of NADP+ to make NADPH
82
What are light reactions used for?
- transfer of electrons also coupled to the movement of H+ across the membrane
- proton gradient used to synthesize ATP
- some organisms use electron donors other than H2O
83
What are photosynthetic pigments?
molecules capable of absorbing the energy of light of a specific wavelength
84
T/F objects appear the color of the light that is reflected (not the light that is absorbed)
True
85
The inner membrane of the chloroplast surrounds a space called the _____
stroma
86
How many moles of O2 are evolved in the plant light reactions for each mole of NADPH produced?
0.5
87
One of the functions of cytochrome b6f in the plant photosynthesis system is to ________
translocate protons across the thylakoid membrane
88
The portion of the photosystem II complex that acts directly to oxidize water is ______
Mn cluster
89
Photosystem I directly oxidizes what molecule?
Plastocyanin
90
Where does the calvin cycle occur?
the stroma of chloroplasts
91
How many stages of the calvin cycle are there?
3
92
What are the three stages of the calvin cycle?
1. fixation of CO2 to 3-phosphoglycerate
2. reduction of 3-phosphoglycerates to hexose sugars
3. regeneration of ribulose 5-phosphate
93
Where does the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) take place in the cell?
mitochondria
94
What enzyme is responsible for the following reaction?
pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ -----> acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+ + CO2
pyruvate dehydrogenase
95
Isocitrate is oxidized to alpha-ketoglutarate with the concomitant reduction of NAD+ to NADH. What type of enzyme catalyzes this reaction?
dehydrogenase
96
The net yield from one mole of acetyl-CoA that completes the TCA cycle is (i) how many NADH, (ii) how many FADH2, and (iii) how many moles of GTP (or equivalents of ATP)?
(i) 3 (ii) 1 (iii) 1
97
Which of the following is true about the glyoxylate cycle?
It provides a way to use acetyl-CoA for the net production of succinate and malate that can than ultimately be used to make glucose.
98
Which of the following is not a cofactor or co-substrate for pyruvate dehydrogenase?
thiamine pyrophosphate, lipoic acid, FAD, Fe2+, Coenzyme A
Fe2+
99
The first step in the TCA cycle is the condensation of acetyl-CoA with what molecule?
oxaloacetate
100
For each acetyl-CoA that is oxidized completely via the TCA cycle, how many CO2 are released?
2
101
The conversion of succinate to fumarate is a(n) ______ half reaction. (Use the reference sheet for the exam to help you.)
oxidation
102
Which cofactor is present in Complex I, Complex II and Complex III in the electron transport chain?
FeS clusters
103
Which molecule carries electrons from Complex III to Complex IV?
cytochrome c
104
Which best describes a cytochrome?
a protein that transfers electrons and that also contains a heme cofactor
105
Transfer of electrons from NADH using the electron transport chain results in approximately how many ATP per NADH?
2.5
106
A portion of ATP synthase in the mitochondrial membrane synthesizes ATP by spinning like a top. The energy to spin this “top” directly comes from __________.
the proton concentration difference from the outside to the inside of the membrane
107
Which enzyme catalyzes the reduction of O2?
cytochrome c oxidase
108
Which of the following does not pump protons?
Complex II
109
What metal ion does chlorophyll contain?
Mg
110
Which form of electromagnetic radiation has the highest amount of energy per photon?
ultraviolet, visible green light, visible red light, microwaves
ultraviolet
111
The transfer of excitation energy from one molecule to one nearby through electromagnetic interaction (no transfer of electrons) is called _________.
resonance energy transfer
112
Light absorption induces electron transfer from photosystem II most directly to which molecule?
plastoquinone
113
Which metal ion does plastocyanin contain?
Cu
114
Which of the following is not an output of photosynthesis?
NADPH, O2, carbohydrates, CO2
CO2
115
How is light energy used in photosynthesis?
Light energy is used to generate high energy electrons that can be transferred to NADP+.
116
In photosynthesis, which complex moves protons across the membrane?
cytochrome b6f
117
In glycolysis, how many ATP are required to convert 1 molecule of glucose to a molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate?
2 ATP required
118
In glycolysis, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate by the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase. What other reaction is coupled to this process?
ADP → ATP
119
The net reaction of 1 glucose molecule that is converted to 2 molecules of pyruvate results in the production of how many molecules of NADH?
2
120
The net reaction of 1 glucose molecule that is converted to 2 molecules of pyruvate results in the NET PRODUCTION of how many molecules of ATP?
2
121
In the presence of oxygen (O2), pyruvate will be converted predominantly to which molecule?
acetyl CoA
122
What is the most direct purpose of the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol under anaerobic conditions in organisms that do fermentation?
to regenerate NAD+
123
In gluconeogenesis, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is converted to fructose-6-phosphate by what class of enzyme?
phosphatase
124
When pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, what are the other products of the reaction?
ATP, NADH, or CO2
both (b) and (c)
| NADH and CO2
125
Coenzyme A contains what organic functional group that binds acetyl groups?
Thiol
126
The condensation of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate is catalyzed by what type of enzyme?
synthase
127
The oxidation of isocitrate to form α-ketoglutarate is catalyzed by what type of enzyme?
dehydrogenase
128
How many CO2 are released for every acetyl CoA that is metabolized via the TCA cycle?
2
129
Approximately how many equivalents of ATP are generated (both directly and indirectly) per every acetyl CoA that is metabolized via the TCA cycle?
10
130
A function of the glyoxylate cycle is __________.
to allow acetyl CoA to be converted into glucose
131
Complexes I, II and III of the electron transport chain all contain what common cofactor?
Fe-S clusters
132
Which complexes in the electron transport chain contribute to the proton gradient that is established across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Complexes I, III, and IV
133
How many electrons are required to reduce 1 molecule of O2 to 2 molecules of H2O?
4
134
The water oxidizing complex, or oxygen evolving complex, contains which metal ion cofactor?
Mn (manganese)
135
In the series of light dependent reactions, electrons are ultimately transferred from ______.
H2O to NADP+
136
If one mol of O2 was produced via the light dependent reactions in photosynthesis, how many mol of NADPH were produced?
2
137
Which scientist determined the series of steps for the reduction of CO2 to glucose in photosynthetic organisms?
Calvin
138
How many molecules of ATP and NADPH would be required to fix 6 molecules of CO2 via the Calvin cycle?
18 ATP and 12 NADPH
139
The first step in the storage of glucose as glycogen is the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate. What type of enzyme catalyzes this reaction
mutase
140
Glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase are regulated by phosphorylation and coordinate regulation. Which of the scenarios below could describe the coordinate regulation of these two enzymes?
(c) Phosphorylation activates glycogen phosphorylase while making glycogen synthase less active.
(d) De-phosphorylation activates glycogen synthase while making glycogen phosphorylase less active.
141
One function of the pentose phosphate pathway is to _______.
Make NADPH
142
The reactions of glycolysis convert one molecule of glucose to __________.
2 molecules of pyruvate
143
Which of the following below best describes the group of enzymes known as kinases?
Kinases catalyze the transfer of a phosphoryl group from one molecule to another.
144
In glycolysis, what type of enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate?
dehydrogenase
145
In the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, what other molecule serves as a cosubstrate?
ATP
146
In the conversion of glucose to pyruvate, how many molecules of CO2 are released?
0
147
Which reaction below does not require ATP as a cosubstrate?
glucose → glucose-6-phosphate
fructose-6-phosphate → fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate → 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
All of the above reactions require ATP as a cosubstrate.
None of the above reactions require ATP as a cosubstrate.
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate → 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
148
Which of the following intermediates in glycolysis have a higher phosphoryl transfer potential than ATP? (Which molecules are capable of donating a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP?)
(a) fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
(b) 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
(c) phosphoenolpyruvate
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
| (c) phosphoenolpyruvate
149
Under anaerobic conditions pyruvate will be converted to which molecule?
lactate or ethanol depending on the organism
150
What is the primary purpose of the conversion of pyruvate to lactate in muscle tissue?
to regenerate NAD+ for use in glycolysis
151
Gluconeogenesis utilizes a lot of the same reactions and enzymes as glycolysis but in reverse, however a few of the reactions are irreversible. Which class of enzymes is part of the gluconeogenesis pathway that is NOT part of the glycolysis pathway?
phosphatases
152
In gluconeogenesis, how many nucleoside triphosphates are required to convert one molecule of pyruvate to one molecule of phosphoenolpyruvate?
2
153
In the Cori cycle lactate is transported from the ___(i)___ to the ___(ii)___.
(i) muscle (ii) liver
154
The conversion of one pyruvate molecule to one acetyl-CoA molecule releases how many molecules of CO2?
1
155
What is the cellular location of the TCA cycle reactions in eukaryotes?
mitochondrial matrix
156
In the TCA cycle, malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate. What type of enzyme catalyzes this reaction?
dehydrogenase
157
Which reaction below is the only TCA cycle reaction that yields ATP directly via substrate level phosphorylation?
succinyl-CoA → succinate
158
How many TCA cycle reactions release CO2 as a product?
2
159
Under aerobic conditions, each molecule of glucose is converted to how many acetyl-CoA molecules that can be fully oxidized via the TCA cycle reactions?
2
160
Which of the following is a true statement regarding the glyoxylate cycle?
The glyoxylate cycle allows for net conversion of acetyl-CoA to oxaloacetate.
The glyoxylate cycle reactions bypass the reactions of the TCA cycle that release carbon as CO2.
Humans lack a glyoxylate pathway.
All are true
161
Where are the enzymes involved in the electron transport chain located in a eukaryotic cell?
inner mitochondrial membrane
162
Which of the following describes the pathway of electrons from NADH through the electron transport chain?
Complex I – Q – Complex III – cytochrome c – Complex IV
163
Complex IV of the electron transport chain contains which of the following cofactors?
(a) cytochrome hemes
(b) Cu2+
(c) Fe-S clusters
Complex IV contains all of the above cofactors.
Complex IV contains only (a) and (b) as cofactors.
164
Complex IV of the electron transport chain oxidizes ___(i)___ and reduces ___(ii)___.
(i) cytochrome c (ii) O2
165
Brown adipose tissue (brown fat) contains UCP-1, an uncoupling protein that uncouples the electron transport chain from ATP synthase. How does this affect the amount of ATP generated by a cell?
UCP-1 allows the transport of H+ back into the mitochondrial matrix without the requirement of passage through ATP synthase resulting in lower levels of ATP synthesized.
166
Of visible light, which color of electromagnetic radiation would have the lowest energy per photon?
red light
167
Which term best describes the following process: An electron in a photoreceptor molecule absorbs a photon of energy, is promoted to an excited state, and transfers the energy to an electron in a nearby molecule upon returning to the ground state.
resonance energy transfer
168
In the photosynthetic light reactions, the direct electron donor to photosystem I is ______.
plastocyanin
169
Electrons from Photosystem II are directly replaced by electrons from ______.
H2O
170
The oxidation of 2 mol of H2O to produce 1 mol of O2 would result in the generation of how many mol of NADPH?
2
171
The conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate in the Calvin cycle requires which molecule as a cosubstrate?
ATP
172
How many molecules of CO2 must enter the Calvin cycle to cause a net synthesis of 1 molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate which could then be used in the production of a hexose sugar such as glucose?
3
173
Which activated precursor is required for starch synthesis in plants?
ADP-glucose
174
The pentose phosphate pathway in animals is essential for the production of ___(i)___ required for ___(ii)___.
(i) NADPH (ii) biosynthetic reactions
175
In the gluconeogenesis pathway, what type of enzyme converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose?
phosphatase
176
Which substance must be regenerated in order for glycolysis to proceed?
NAD+
177
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
ATP synthesis when the phosphate donor is a substrate with high phosphoryl transfer potential
178
The conversion of 1 molecule of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate results in a net release of how many molecules of CO2?
0
179
In the gluconeogenesis pathway, what compound is formed that is not formed in the glycolytic pathway?
oxaloacetate
180
In the gluconeogenesis pathway, what type of enzyme converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose?
phosphatase
181
The step of the Calvin cycle that involves the addition of CO2 to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate to produce 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate is catalyzed by what enzyme?
Rubisco
182
How many molecules of ATP would be required to fix 6 molecules of CO2 via the Calvin cycle?
18
183
What is the type of linkage between most of the glucose residues in glycogen?
α-1,4-glycosidic
184
The key enzyme in glycogen degradation, which functions to cleave a glycosyl unit by addition of a phosphate group is called ____________.
glycogen phosphorylase
185
Which molecule is a key source of reducing equivalents used in biosynthetic pathways?
NADPH
186
Which products from the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis are used in the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH
187
How many molecules of ATP would be required to fix 6 molecules of CO2 via the Calvin cycle?
18
188
What is the type of linkage between most of the glucose residues in glycogen?
α-1,4-glycosidic
189
Besides glycogen phosphorylase, what other enzyme is required for glycogen degradation?
debranching enzyme
190
The purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway is to _______.
(b) generate NADPH
| (c) synthesize 5-carbon sugars
191
The conversion of 1 glucose to 2 pyruvate requires the input of ____ ATP molecules
2
192
One complete calvin cycle requires ___ ATP
3
193
In the calvin cycle, CO2 is combined with
ribulose-1,5-diphosphoglycerate
194
Plastocyanin contains ____ as a cofactor
Cu
195
In plant light reactions, which complex reduces NADP+?
PSI
196
In plant light reactions, the direct electron donor to photosystem II is _____
water
197
Absorption of visible light by chlorophyll involves
Changes electronic states
198
Chlorophyll contains ____
Mg
199
Key outputs from phototrophs includes all of the following except _____
NADPH
O2
C(H2O)
CO2
CO2
200
Which electron transport chain complex reduces O2?
Complex IV
201
Cytochrome C contains what cofactor?
heme
202
Which of the electron transport chain complexes oxidizes CoQH2?
Complex III
203
In oxidative phosphorylation, the oxidation of 2 NADH results in the translocation of how many protons?
20
204
In a eukaryote, the electron transport chain is located in the _______
mitochondrial inner membrane
205
The conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate yields ______
GTP
206
The conversion of alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA requires ____ as a substrate
CoA
207
One turn of the TCA cycle yields ____ NADH
3
208
The Cori cycle describes _____
an interconnection between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
209
The conversion of pyruvate to ethanol has a product of _____-
CO2
210
The conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate has a product of ____-
ATP
211
One turn of the TCA cycle yields ____ CO2
2
212
```
The pre-TCA step has as substrates all of the following except ____-
pyruvate
CoA
NAD+
ADP
```
ADP
213
The conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate is catalyzed by a _____-
mutase
214
The conversion of 1 mol of glucose to 6 mol CO2 is a _____ electron, _____ half reaction
24, oxidation
215
CoA binds to an acetyl group through a _____ linkage
Thioester
216
The conversion of citrate to isocitrate in the TCA cycle is catalyzed by the enzyme aconitase, which contains _____ as a cofactor
FeS cluster
217
Addition of __ electrons and __ protons result in the reduction of Coenzyme Q
2, 2
218
Complex III in the mitochondrial electron transport chain oxidizes _____ and reduces ______
reduced coenzyme Q, cytochrome C
219
Mitochondrial electron transport chain complex IV contains ______ as a cofactor that interacts with O2
Cu
220
Beta carotene does not absorb light of approximately what wavelength?
700 nm
221
The special pair of chlorophyll molecules in plant PSII is called
P680
222
The part of plant PSII that directly oxidizes water is
the Mn4Ca complex
223
The copper containing protein in the photosynthetic electron transport chain is called
plastocyanin
224
The fixation of one CO2 in the calvin cycle utilizes ____ ATP
3
225
The synthesis of starch in plants utilizes _____
ATP
