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General Biology 2 > Exam 3 (Plants) > Flashcards

Exam 3 (Plants) Flashcards

1
Q

What does haplontic refer too?

A

A life cycle in which there is a dominant haploid stage

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2
Q

What does diplontic refer too

A

A life cycle in which diploid is a dominant stage (humans are diplontic)

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3
Q

What do most plants exhibit?

A

Alternation of generations

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4
Q

What is a gametophyte?

A

Haploid

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5
Q

What is a sporophyte?

A

Diploid

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6
Q

What is gametophyte generation dominant in>

A

Dominant in lower plants

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7
Q

As plants evolved did gametophyte generation increase or did sporophyte generation increase?

A

Sporophyte generation

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8
Q

What is antheridia?

A

Male gametangia that form sperm cells

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9
Q

What is archegonia?

A

Female gametangia that bears a single egg

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10
Q

What protects leaves and stem from desication?

A

Waxy cuticle

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11
Q

What does waxy cuticle prevent?

A

Intake of CO2

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12
Q

What can over come the problem of waxy cuticle?

A

Stomata

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13
Q

What are Streptophytes?

A

Land plants and closely related green algae (Charophytes) are part of a new monophyletic group “Streptophyta”.

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14
Q

What are similarities between charophytes and streptophyta?

A

Both contain carotenoids and chlorophyll a & b

Both store carbohydrates as starch

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15
Q

What are nonvascular plants bryophytes?

A

They generally lack lignin, and don’t have actual vascular tissue.

Water and nutrients circulate inside specialized conducting cells. Reliance on osmosis means size is small.

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16
Q

What are bryophytes commonly called?

A

Nonvascular plants

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17
Q

What are all the conspicuous vegetative organs?

A

They are gametophytes. The sporophyte is barely noticeable and supported by gametophyte. The sporophyte is barely noticeable and supported by gametophyte.

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18
Q

Mosses Bryophyta

A

They live in dense colonies or beds

Require water for sexual reproduction

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19
Q

What are the tiny hairlike absorptive structures in Mosses Bryophyta?

A

Rhizoids

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20
Q

What was the first leaf type like

A

A microphyll, is small a simple vascular system with a single unbranched vein run through the center of it.

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21
Q

What are megaphylls?

A

Larger leaves with a pattern of branching veins

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22
Q

What are sporophylls?

A

Leaves that were modified structurally to bear sporangia, - mature fern fronds, flowers

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23
Q

What are strobili?

A

Cone-like structures that contain sporangia - pine cones

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24
Q

What is the dominant phase of seedless vascular plants?

A

The diploid sporophyte is the dominant phase of the life cycle.

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25
How do seedless vascular plants reproduce?
Reproduction depends on water during fertilization, thus, ferns and their relatives are more abundant in damp environments.
26
What are sori on seedless vascular plants?
They appear as small bumps on the underside of a fern frond. They are clusters of sporangia.
27
Are some ferns and club mosses heterosporous?
Yes.
28
What is homospory?
Production of only one type of spore as a result of meiosis.
29
What is heterospory?
Producing 2 types of spores
30
What plants are commonly homospory?
Bryophytes, horsetails, whisk ferns, and most ferns and club mosses.
31
What plants are commonly heterospory?
Certain ferns and club mosses (spike mosses).
32
In heterosporous ferns and club mosses how many sporangia does each strobilus bear?
2 kinds of sporangia.
33
What do microsporangia do in heterosporous club mosses and ferns?
They produce microsporocytes, which undergo meiosis to form microscopic, haploid microspores, and then develop into male gametophytes.
34
What do megasporangia do in heterosporous club mosses, and ferns?
They produce megasporocytes, which undergo meiosis to form haploid megaspores, and then develop into female gametophytes.
35
How did the success of seed plants happen?
Due to evolution of seed
36
How did seeds evolve to give seed plants more success?
The seeds protects and provides food for embryo Dormancy allows the "clock to be stopped" to survive harsh periods before germinating Later development of fruits enhanced seed dispersal
37
How did the evolution of pollen also help the success of seed plants?
The dispersal of sperm no longer was dependent on water.
38
Are all seed plants heterosporous?
Yes
39
What vascular tissues do seed plants have?
Xylem and phloem
40
What do seed plants produce?
They produce ovules, each of which is a megasporangium surrounded by layers of sporophyte tissue that enclose the embryo.
41
What happens after fertilization in seed plants?
The ovule develops into a seed, integuments develop into the seed coat.
42
What are the 2 groups that seeds are divided into based on presence of the ovary wall?
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
43
What are gymnosperms?
Seed plants that do not have an ovary wall (not enclosed in sporophyte tissue)
44
What are angiosperms
Seed plants that develop into fruit.
45
What is the embryo protected by in seed plants?
Protected by integument, which hardens into a seed coat.
46
What does the endosperm do in seed plants?
It is the food supply for the embryo.
47
What are characteristics of monocot?
single cotyledon Long narrow leaf & parallel veins Vascular bundles scattered Floral parts in multiples of 3
48
What are characteristics of dicot (eudicots)?
2 cotyledon Broad leaf & network of veins Vascular bundles in a ring Floral parts in multiples in 4-5
49
Do monocots produce true wood?
No, they are grasses and palms, and herbaceous
50
Do eudicots produce true wood?
Yes, they are secondary growth (the width and girth get bigger)
51
What is primary growth?
Roots and shoots, vertical growth, and growth at apical meristems
52
What is secondary growth?
Deals with expanding girth and creating wood
53
What is the flower characteristics?
Flowers are reproductive shoots composed of four parts arranged in whorls on the end of a flower stalk (peduncle)
54
Do only stamens and carpels produce gametes?
Yes
55
What is a complete flower?
The flower has all 4 parts
56
What is an incomplete flower?
Lacks one or more parts
57
What makes a flower perfect?
A flower with both stamens and carpels
58
What makes a flower imperfect?
Has stamens or carpels, but not both.
59
What are sepals (flower structure)?
They make up the lowermost and outermost whorl They cover and protect other flower parts in buds
60
What are petals (flower structure)?
The whorl inside the sepals Bright colors attract animal pollinators to the flower
61
What do all sepals of a flower make up?
The Calyx
62
What do all petals of a flower make up?
Corolla
63
What are stamens (flower structure)?
The whorl inside the petals Each stamen has a thin filament and saclike anther where meiosis occurs and microspores develop into pollen grains.
64
How many cells does each pollen grain produce?
2 cells
65
What do the 2 cells do that are produced by pollen grain?
One cell divides to form 2 male gametes (sperm cells) The other produces a pollen tube through which sperm cells travel to reach the ovule
66
What does the first sperm cell do in double fertilization?
One sperm cell fuses with the egg, forming a zygote that grows into an embryo in the seed.
67
What does the second sperm cell to in double fertilization?
The second sperm cell fuses with the 2 haploid polar nuclei of the central cell to form a triploid (3n) cell that grows by mitosis and develops into endosperm.
68
What is endosperm, (Double fertilization importance)?
It's rich in lipids, proteins and carbohydrates that nourishes growing embryo.
69
What is the ovary wall called in fruit development?
The ovary wall is termed the Pericarp
70
What are the layers in fruit development?
Exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp Their fate determines the fruit type
71
How is fruit dispersed?
Ingestion and transportation by birds/vertebrates Hitching a ride with hooked spines on birds and mammals Burial in caches by herbivores Blowing in wind Floating and drifting on water
72
What is monoecious?
Plant has both reproductive parts
73
What is dioecious?
Plant has either male or female reproductive parts, but not both
74
What is the parenchyma of the stem?
Undifferentiated cell with potential to become other cell types. Contains organelles, thin primary cell wall.
75
What is the collenchyma of the stem?
Similar to parenchyma cell, but with thickened cell walls. Provides support
76
What is the sclerenchyma of the stem?
contains secondary cell walls in addition to primary cell wall. Provides more support and strength to cells, as well as xylem and phloem
77
What is apart of the zylem tissue?
Tracheid's and vessel elements
78
What are tracheids?
Long and narrow, with end walls. Walls perforated with pits, which allow water to move from cell to cell.
79
What are vessel elements?
Shorter than tracheid's with thinner walls. Each vessel element is connected to the next by means of a perforation plate at the end walls. Water moves through the perforation plates to travel up the plant
80
What is apart of the phloem tissue?
Sieve-tube cells and companion cells
81
What are sieve-tube cells?
They are arranged end to end to make up a long sieve tube, which transports organic substances such as sugars and amino acids. Sugars flow from one tube cell to the next through perforated sieve plates, which are found at the end junctions between 2 cells.
82
What are companion cells?
They are found alongside the sieve tube cells, providing them with metabolic support. The companion cells contain more ribosomes and mitochondria than the sieve-tube cells, which lack some cellular organelles.
83
What are types of plant tissue?
Vascular tissues; Xylem and phloem Xylem carries water and ions from the roots to stems and leaves Phloem carries dissolved sugars from leaves to other parts of the plant.
84
What is the endodermis of the root cortex?
The innermost layer of the cortex, which contains the Casparian strip, (a water impermeable strip of waxy material)
85
What does the Casparian strip do in the root cortex endodermis?
It forces water and solutes to cross the plasma membranes of endodermal cells instead of slipping between cells. Which ensures that only materials required are passed through, and no toxins are passed through.
86
What is the lamina of a leaf?
A leaf blade, and the widest part of the leaf
87
What is the petiole of a leaf blade (lamina)?
Some leaves are attached to the plant stem by a petiole.
88
What are sessile leaves of a leaf blade (lamina)?
Leaves that are directly attached to the plant stem are called sessile leaves.
89
What are stipules of a leaf blade (lamina)?
Small green appendages usually found at the base of the petiole are known as stipules.
90
What do most leaves have?
A midrib, which travels the length of the leaf and branches to each side to produce veins of vascular tissue.

General Biology 2 (4 decks)

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