Exam 3 Pathologies (8,9,10,11)

Question 1

What is Osteomyelitis?

Answer 1

Inflammation of bone caused by infectious organism, typically bacteria, but can be a virus, fungi, or parasite.

Question 2

What is the etiology (cause) of Osteomyelitis?

Answer 2

Staphlococcus aureus (Most common cause)

Exogenous osteomyelitis -from outside body

Hematogenous osteomyelitis - spread within body

Question 3

What are the clinical manifestations for Osteomyelitis?

Answer 3

Adults- Back pain or bone pain, low-grade fever.

Radiculopathy, myelopathy, paralysis can occur

Question 4

What is Myositis?

Answer 4

Inflammation of the muscle that can be an autoimmune disease condition or directly caused by viral, bacterial, and parasitic agents

Question 5

What are the clinical manifestations for Myositis?

Answer 5

Malaise, fever, muscle swelling, pain, tenderness, lethargy

Question 6

What is the difference between sprains and strains?

Answer 6

Sprains: Affects ligaments structures around a joint

Strains: Affect muscles, stretching or tearing of musculotendinous unit

Question 7

Describe the degrees or grades for strains and sprains.

Answer 7

First degree: Minor tearing, no loss of integrity

Second degree: Partial tearing, clear loss of integrity

Third degree: Sever tear, complete loss of integrity

Question 8

What are the classifications of bone fractures?

Answer 8

Traumatic: sudden impact

Stress or fatigue: Abnormal stress applied to bone. (Lower Extremity, tibial shaft, metatarsal bones most commonly)

Insufficiency: Normal stress applied to abnormal bone

Pathologic: Fragile bone due to neoplastic or other disease conditions

Question 9

What are the types of fractures?

Answer 9

Displaced or nondisplaced

Open or closed

Question 10

What is Osteoarthritis/Degenerative Joint disease?

Answer 10

Slowly evolving articular disease that appears to originate in the cartilage and affects the underlying bone, soft tissue, and synovial fluid.

Question 11

What is the etiology and pathogenesis for Otheoarthritis?

Answer 11

Two classifications: Primary and Secondary

Risk factors: Serious injury, genetics, ligamentous laxity

Pathogenesis: Active disease process affecting synovial joint with joint tissue destruction and abnormal repair

Question 12

What is the clinical manifestations for Osteoarthritis?

Answer 12

Boney enlargement, Limited ROM, Crepitus on motion, tenderness, joint effusion, malalignment and joint deformity, and joint stiffness after inactivity.

Question 13

What is the etiology for Degenerative Disc Disease?

Answer 13

Changes to disk with age, Nucleus at center of disk loses water, tears may form around annulus

Question 14

What are clinical manifestations for Degenerative Disc Disease?

Answer 14

Gradual onset of midline lower back pain

Stiff back, radiating pain may occur

Question 15

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

Answer 15

A autoimmune disease characterized by loss of ACh receptors; the most common disorder in Neuromuscular Junction.

Question 16

What are the signs for Myasthenia Gravis?

Answer 16

Communication between motor neurons and cell cease.

Question 17

What are the symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis?

Answer 17

Skeletal muscles for movements, posture, and breathing weaken.

Impaired swallowing and speech, drooping eyelids, shortness of breath, unsteady gait, blurred or double vision.

Question 18

What is Osteoporosis?

Answer 18

Chronic, progressive disease characterized by low bone mass, impaired bone quality, decreased bone strength, and increased risk of fractures.

Most common metabolic bone disease.

Question 19

What is the etiology and pathogenesis for osteoporosis?

Answer 19

Bone resorption exceeds bone deposition, etiology is unknown.

Question 20

What are the clinical manifestations for osteoporosis?

Answer 20

Low back pain and fractures

Postural changes- thoracic kyphosis and loss of body height.

Question 21

What is Osteomalacia?

Answer 21

Progressive bone condition in which insufficient mineralization of bone matrix causes softening of bone without loss of bone matrix.

Question 22

What Is the etiology and pathogenesis for osteomalacia?

Answer 22

Insufficient intestinal calcium absorption

Increased renal phosphorus losses

Question 23

What are clinical manifestations for osteomalacia?

Answer 23

Diffuse aching and fatigue, bone pain and periarticular tenderness

Proximal myopathy, sensory poly-neuropathy, and muscular weakness

Postural deformities: T/S kyphosis, heart shaped pelvis, femur and tibia bowing

Question 24

What is Paget Disease?

Answer 24

A progressive disorder of the adult skeletal system, increased bone respiration by osteoclast and excessive, unorganized new bone formation by osteoblast.

Second most common metabolic bone disease after OP (Osteoporosis)

Question 25

What is the Etiology and Pathogenesis for Paget Disease?

Answer 25

Etiology is unknown, possibly genetic susceptibility. Pathogenesis- Initial stage: Abnormal, unrestrained osteoclast proliferation Osteoblastic phase: Normal cancellous bone is replaced by trabecular bone, and cortical bone is irregularly thickened. Final phase: Minimal cellular activity present

Question 26

What is Gout?

Answer 26

A metabolic disorder due to elevated serum uric acid and the deposition of urate crystals in the joints, soft tissue and kidneys.

Question 27

What is the etiology and pathogenesis for Gout?

Answer 27

Elevated serum uric acid accumulates in body tissues including joints and kidneys. Urate overproduction Decreased urinary excretion of uric acid

Question 28

What are the clinical manifestations for Gout?

Answer 28

Acute, monarticular, inflammatory arthritis, exquisite joint pain First MTP joint, ankle, knee, wrist, elbow and fingers Erythema, warmth, extreme tenderness, hypersensitivity

Question 29

What is Atherosclerosis?

Answer 29

A process of progressive thickening and narrowing of the walls of medium-sized and large arteries as a result of fatty deposits on their inner lining.

Question 30

What is the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?

Answer 30

High circulating LDL causes LDL deposition in the tunica intima underlying the endothelium. LDL becomes oxidized and results in endothelial dysfunction.

Question 31

What is Coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Answer 31

Decreased blood flow to the myocardium by fatty deposits that narrow the lumen of the coronary arteries. Also called Ischemic heart disease. Most often caused by build up of plaque (atherosclerosis), but can be due to blood clot of by BV constriction.

Question 32

What are the clinical presentations of CAD?

Answer 32

Asymptomatic- Silent ischemia and silent MI. Congestive heart disease- shortness of breath, coughing, tiredness, swelling in the ankles Angina pectoris- chest pain, spreading to the shoulders, arms and jaw. This can be a precursor for a heart attack. Myocardial Infarction (MI)- chest pain, shortness of breath, cold sweat, nausea, and tiredness.

Question 33

What are the three types of Angina?

Answer 33

Chronic Stable Angina-Known as exertional angina. Occurs at a predictable level of physical activity. Ceases with rest. Unstable Angina- It is unpredictable, symptom of disease progression Vasospastic Angina- aka Prinzmental's angina, due to coronary artery vasospasm. Occurs at rest, relieved with minor activity

Question 34

What is Myocardial Infarction (MI)?

Answer 34

A complete blockade of blood flow to heart muscle, resulting in death of cardiac muscle cells. Partial blockade of blood flow to the heart results in ischemia. Ischemia often causes chest pain or discomfort known as angina pectoris

Question 35

What are the three zones of damage in MI?

Answer 35

Zone of Infarction: Area of myocardium that was completely deprived of oxygen; results in cell death. Zone of hypoxic injury: Immediately surrounding the zone of infarction; will recover if blood flow is restored quickly. Zone of ischemia: Adjacent to the zone of hypoxic injury; usually reversible.

Question 36

What is Congestive Heat Failure (CHF)?

Answer 36

Heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs due to ventricular failure. The heart will first compensate -> increase HR -> ventricle will hypertrophy -> increase sympathetic activity -> and ventricles will dilate

Question 37

What is Left-sided CHF?

Answer 37

The left ventricle of the heart no longer pumps enough blood around the body. Can cause shortness of breath, and coughing - especially during physical activity. (Most common type)

Question 38

What is Right-sided CHF?

Answer 38

The right ventricle of the heart is too weak to pump enough blood to the lungs.