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Civics > Exam 3 Part 2 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Liberal (democrat)

A

Individuals who have faith in government to improve people’s lives, believing that private efforts are insufficient.

  • Tend to oppose regulation relevant to personal choice
  • Tend to support regulation relevant to economics
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2
Q

Andrew Jackson (1828 presidential campaign)

A

His opponents called him a jackass (a donkey). Jackson decided to use the image of the strong-willed animal on his campaign posters. Later, cartoonist Thomas Nast used the Democratic donkey in newspaper cartoons.

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3
Q

Democrat Party

A 
Perspective: Idealism
Focus: Society
Goal: Personal Freedom
View on Rights: Others must Observe
Political Motivation: Equality
Geographic Concentration: Urban
Economic Motivation: Egalitarianism
Family & Children: Create potential
Adult Motivation: self-fulfillment,
Voting Preferences: Fairness, helping those who cannot help themselves, diplomacy, champions of the downtrodden
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4
Q

Republican Party

A 
Perspective: Pragmatism
Focus: Individual
Goal: Economic Freedom
View on Rights: Others must not interfere
Political Motivation: Opportunity
Geographic Concentration: Rural
Economic Motivation: Meritocracy
Family & Children: Builds Character
Adult Motivation: Self-Reliance
Voting Preferences: Order, helping those who help themselves, military, champions of opportunity
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5
Q

Conservative (Republican)

A

Individuals who distrust government, believing that private efforts are more likely to improve people’s lives

  • Tend to be more supportive of the regulation of social issues
  • Tend to be resistant to economic regulations
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6
Q

RINO

A

Republican In Name Only

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7
Q

DINO

A

Democrat In Name Only

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8
Q

Blue States

A

Largely uncontested states in which the Democratic candidate for president is going to win

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9
Q

Red States

A

Largely uncontested states in which the Republican candidate for president is going to win

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10
Q

Machine Politics

A

Party organization dominated by a boss who controlled the distribution of public jobs and commanded groups of voters to support his preferred candidates.

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11
Q

Australian Vote

A

Voting system in which state governments run elections and provide voters the option of choosing candidates from multiple parties

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12
Q

Splitting the Ticket

A

A ballot on which not all votes have been cast for candidates of the same party.

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13
Q

Straight Ticket Voting

A

The practice of voting for every candidate that a political party has on a general election ballot.

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14
Q

Challengers

A

Candidates seeking to unseat current officeholders

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15
Q

Incumbent

A

Occupant of elected office

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16
Q

Caucus

A

A small meeting at which registered political party members select delegates to attend national party conventions, nominate a presidential candidate, or select political leaders.

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17
Q

Primary Elections

A

Election in which voters select the candidates who will run on the party label in the general election

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18
Q

Invisible Primary

A

The race to raise the most money and achieve front-runner status before the primary season start. Get boost in media coverage, name recognition, fund-raising, and perceptions of electability that accompanies repeated primary success. No set time, often up to a year before the official primary season begins in January

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19
Q

Closed Primaries

A

Open only to declared party members

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20
Q

Open Primaries

A

An election in which a voter can participate in either party’s primary, regardless of party registration

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21
Q

Nonpartisan Primary

A

Voters may pick candidates for each office without regard for party lines, the top two candidates advance to the general election

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22
Q

Majority

A

A candidate that gets more than half of the votes (50%=100% of power)

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23
Q

Plurality

A

A candidate gets more votes than their opponent, but fails to receive a majority of the votes

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24
Q

Runoff

A

Used if no candidate receives majority of votes

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25
Q

Battleground States

A

Purple. Competitive states in which no candidate has an overwhelming advantage. Therefore Electoral College votes are “up for grabs”

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26
Q

Frontloading

A

Moving a state primary or caucus earlier to increase its influence

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27
Q

Position Issues

A

Political issues that offer specific policy choices and often differentiate candidate’s views and plans of action

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28
Q

Valence Issues

A

Non-controversial or widely supported campaign issues that are unlikely to differ among candidates.

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29
Q

News Media

A

Subset of mass media that provides the news of the day, gathered and reported by journalists

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30
Q

Market-Driven Journalism

A

The media is privately owned. Reporting and advertising that is focused on audience attraction to maximize profit

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31
Q

Horse Race Journalism

A

A focus on election coverage on who and what are up or down in the latest poll numbers

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32
Q

Yellow Journalism

A

Journalism that is based upon sensationalism and exaggeration

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33
Q

Muckracking

A

To search our and publicly expose real or apparent misconduct of a prominent individual or business.

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34
Q

Paid Media

A

Advertising

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35
Q

Free/Earned Media

A

News coverage that is determined to be important to a news outlet’s audience, solely by virtue of the news story’s content

36
Q

Watchdog (media/journalism)

A

Role (self proclaimed) of the press in monitoring the government as a detached and impartial observer

37
Q

Lapdog (media/journalism)

A

When the media is sympathetic or complicit with individual, group, or institutional governmental actors.

38
Q

Advocacy Journalism

A

News outlets that present news with either an explicit or implicit point of view favoring certain political positions

39
Q

Priming

A

Process whereby the media influence how the public views politicians by emphasizing criteria that make them look good or bad (visually)

40
Q

Framing

A

Ability of the media to influence public perception of issues by constructing the issue or discussion of a subject in a certain way (verbally)

41
Q

Bias

A

Favorable treatment to certain politicians, policy positions, groups, and political outcomes

42
Q

Nature of Public Opinion

A

Uninformed and inconsistent

43
Q

Miracle of Aggregation

A

The phenomenon that occurs when a group consists of individuals who are largely ignorant of a particular issues but their collective opinion tends to make sense.

44
Q

Public Opinion

A

The population’s collective beliefs and attitudes about politics and the government

45
Q

Paradox of Participation

A

The fact that people participate in politics, even though the impact of their individual participation would seem far too small to matter

46
Q

Approval Rating

A

Indication on the public’s approval on an elected official’s job performance

47
Q

Voter Fatigue

A

The apathy that the electorate can feel towards voting. Asked to vote too often

48
Q

Disenfranchisement

A

A person can’t vote; or the feeling that their vote does not matter.

49
Q

Miracle of Aggregation (voting)

A

Large numbers of uniformed people balance each other out when voting.

50
Q

Political Party

A

A group of political activists who organize to win elections, to operate the government, and to determine public policy.

51
Q

Political Machines

A

Nepotism (favoring someone because they’re related to you.)
Cronyism (favoring someone because they’re your friend.)
Patronage (favoring someone because they paid you money.)

52
Q

Winner-take-all-system/First Past the Post

A

Electoral system in which whoever wins the most votes in on election wins the election

53
Q

Single-Member Districts

A

Are likely to have two-party systems with one person in each district. Winner-takes-all

54
Q

Duverger’s Law

A

The principle by which political systems with single-member districts are likely to have two-party systems

55
Q

Soft Money

A

Money given to political parties for “party building” activities. Less regulation

56
Q

Hard Money

A

Regulated by laws and has to be reported on when money is above threshold. Money given to political candidates

57
Q

Political Action Committee

A

An organization that pools campaign contributions from members and donates funds to campaigns

58
Q

Super PAC

A

An organization which may raise unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions, and individuals but is not permitted to contribute directly to parties or candidates

59
Q

Party Identification

A

Attachment or allegiance to a political party, partisanship

60
Q

Party Identification

A

Attachment or allegiance to a political party, partisanship

61
Q

Delegate

A

Individual(s) selected by party voters in a primary or caucus election who is committed to supporting a particular presidential nominee at the party’s national nominating convention

62
Q

Pendleton Act of 1883

A

Institution of Civil Service.

  1. In civil service requirements: test; want a job, have to demonstrate person is qualified.
  2. Promotion: have to have merit.
63
Q

Party Platform

A

Document that lays out a party’s core beliefs and policy proposals for each presidential election

64
Q

Political Realignment

A

Long-term shift in voter allegiance from one party to another. Occurs about every 32-36 years.

65
Q

Political Realignment

A

Long-term shift in voter allegiance from one party to another. Occurs about every 32-36 years.

66
Q

Interest Group

A

An organized group that tries to influence the government to certain policies or measures. Special Interest
(NRA); Public Interest (ACLU).

67
Q

Demographics of voting

A

The older a person is, the more conservative they tend to be, and the more they tend to vote. Younger people are very liberal, but do not vote.

68
Q

Agenda Setting

A

Process of getting issues on the political agenda, or those issues to which the public and decision-makers are paying attention and on which there is active political debate.

69
Q

National Convention

A

party meetings held every four years to establish the party platforms and officially nominate presidential candidates to run in the general election.

70
Q

National Convention

A

party meetings held every four years to establish the party platforms and officially nominate presidential candidates to run in the general election.

71
Q

Free Media

A

campaign coverage provided by the media outside of paid advertising. Is free for a campaign, but candidate loses control over the content, message, and image conveyed to voters.

72
Q

General Election

A

a national election held every two years as required by the Constitution

73
Q

Rally-around-the-flag

A

Increased popular support given to the president in times of crisis.

74
Q

Lobbying

A

Political activity that aims to influence government policymaking. Those who engage in lobbying are known as lobbyists

75
Q

Print Media

A

Newspapers and magazines.

76
Q

Soft News/Infotainment

A

Combines information and entertainment. This form of media emphasizes stories that are entertaining even if they are lacking in seriousness, significance, or timeliness.

77
Q

Incumbent Advantage

A

the electoral edge enjoyed by members of Congress running for reelection, which derives from their legislative experience, communication with constituents, and resources from previous campaigns and campaign networks.

78
Q

Independent

A

Individuals who do not affiliate with either of the major political parties

79
Q

Moderate

A

Individuals in the middle of ideological spectrum; do not hold consistently strong views about whether government should or should not be involved in people’s lives.

80
Q

Freedom Rides

A

Demonstrations held during the civil rights movement of the 1960s; activists would ride public transportation (mainly buses) into Southern states in order to protest racial segregation.

81
Q

Unconventional Participation

A

Trying to influence policies, but government is not listening. Actions to bring attention to the issue (Freedom Rides, sit-ins, protests, marches)

82
Q

Franchise

A

Having the right to vote

83
Q

Midterm Elections

A

Elections halfway between presidential elections.

84
Q

Multiple Party System

A

Proportional representation. Get 3/100 votes, get 3% of power.

85
Q

Prospective voting

A

Candidate running first time; people voting on what the candidate promises to do.

86
Q

Retrospective voting

A

Candidate for reelection. Know what they will do in office.

Civics (6 decks)

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