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Exam 3 part 2 > EXAM 3 part 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 3 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Whats the concept of animal circulatory system?

A

Every organism must exchange materials with its environment. Take in energy and release waste products.

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2
Q

All but the simplest animals have circulatory systems (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM) with 3 main components. Name them

A

1) A central pump
2) A vascular system (set of tubes)
3) The circulating fluid

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3
Q

The human heart is a ______ organ about the size of a _______

A
  • muscular

- fist

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4
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

-Under the breastbone

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5
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

4

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6
Q

The path of blood traces the path of blood as it makes one complete trip around the body. Essential to the system is the 4 chambered system. Name them

A

Atria and ventricles, but we have 2 of each. ((The heart always receives blood in a chamber called atria and blood is always pumped away from the heart from a chamber called ventricle.))

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7
Q

Mammals and birds each have 2 chambers. True or False

A

True. We have 2 of the same chambers,

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8
Q

Whats Atria?

A

They are chambers on the TOP of the heart, they are small

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9
Q

Whats a Ventricles?

A

They are chambers on the BOTTOM of the heart, they are bigger and thicker, meaning more muscular.

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10
Q

Chambers on the right side of the heart pump blood to what circuit?

A

The pulmonary circuit

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11
Q

Chambers on the left side of the heart pump blood to what circuit?

A

Systemic circuit

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12
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

The heart relaxes and contracts regurarly using Diastole and systole

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13
Q

What is Diastole?

A

the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood. ((It is the relaxation phase of the heart cycle.))

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14
Q

What is Systole?

A

The phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries. (It is the contraction phase)

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15
Q

In Disatole, _________ and ________ are relaxed; blood flows passively into the atria.

A

atria and ventricles

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16
Q

In Systole, ______ is forced into the ventricles as the atria ______. Then Blood is pumped to the body and _____ as the ventricles contract.

A

-blood
contracts
-lungs

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17
Q

What is SA (sinoatrial) node?

A
  • The peacemaker
  • Sets the tempo of the heartbeat
  • Specialized muscle tissue in the wall of the right atrium
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18
Q

The SA (sinoatrial) node is known as what?

A

The peacemaker

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19
Q

The impulse sent by the pacemaker produce what? and where are they recorded?

A
  • Electrical currents that can be detected by electrodes placed on the skin
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG OR EKG)
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20
Q

In certain kinds of heart disease, the heart’s electrical control fails to what?

A

-maintain a normal rhythm

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21
Q

When someone with a heart disease fails to maintain a normal rhythm, the remedy is a what?

A

artificial pacemaker

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22
Q

Between Systelo and diastole,which is the relaxation phase of the heart cycle?

A

diastole

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23
Q

The heart = _______ _____

A

-body’s ‘‘pump’’

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24
Q

Plumbing = ______, ______, and __________

A
  • arteries
  • veins
  • capillaries
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25
Q

What does an arterie do?

A

It carries blood away from the heart, branching into smaller arterioles as they approach organs. The blood then flows from arterioles into networks of tiny vessels called capillaries. (they are thicker)

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26
Q

What do veins do?

A

return blood to the heart. It completes the circuit. ((first is arterie, then capillaries and veins) (veins are thin)

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27
Q

What do capillaries allow?

A

They run through nearly every organ and tissue in the body. The thin walls of capillaries allow exchange between the blood and the interstitial fluid. Capillaries are the functional center of the circulatory system; this is where materials are transferred to and away from surrounding tissues. As the blood flows from the capillaries, it eneters venules, which in turn converge into large veins.

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28
Q

All blood vessels(arteries, veins and capillaries) are lined by a thin layer of tightly packed what?

A

epithelial cells

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29
Q

_________ differences in walls of the different kinds of blood vessels(arteries, veins and capillaries) correlate with their different _________.

A
  • Structural

- function

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30
Q

Blood flow through?

A

arteries and capillary beds

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31
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

When your heart beats, it pumps blood round your body to give it the energy and oxygen it needs. As the blood moves, it pushes against the sides of the blood vessels. The strength of this pushing is your blood pressure. If your blood pressure is too high, it puts extra strain on your arteries (and your heart) and this may lead to heart attacks and strokes.

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32
Q

High Blood Pressure - What Happens; just read

A

Healthy arteries have smooth inner walls. Your blood flows through them without a problem. The blood vessels stay strong and flexible.

But when you have high blood pressure, blood flows through your arteries with too much force, even though you can’t feel it. Over time, this pressure damages the walls of your arteries camera.gif. They aren’t smooth anymore. They get rough spots on them where fat and calcium start to build up. This buildup is called plaque (say “plak”).

Plaque is part of atherosclerosis, sometimes called “hardening of the arteries.” Over time, the plaque narrows the artery and blocks blood flow through it.

Atherosclerosis makes your arteries narrower. It also makes them stiffer. Blood can’t flow through them as easily. This lack of good blood flow starts to damage some of the organs in your body.

This damage doesn’t happen all at once. It happens slowly over time. But you can’t tell that it’s happening, because you don’t feel anything

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33
Q

Pulse means?

A

Rhythmic stretching of arteries caused by pressure of blood forced into arteries during systole

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34
Q

The optimal adult blood pressure.

Below 120 is _______ and below 80 is _______

A
  • systolic

- diastolic

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35
Q

High blood pressure; Sustained systolic pressure higher than ___ and/or _______ blood pressure higher than 90.

A
  • 140

- diastolic

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36
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

The first number, called systolic blood pressure, measures the pressure in your blood vessels when your heart beats.

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37
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

The second number, called diastolic blood pressure, measures the pressure in your blood vessels when your heart rests between beats.

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38
Q

At any given time, ____ of capillaries have a _____ flow of blood running through them.

A
  • 5-10%

- steady

39
Q

The walls of capillaries are ___ and _____.

_______ cells can only fit one at a time in capillary beds.

A
  • thin
  • leaky
  • red blood cells
40
Q

As blood enters a capillary at the ______, blood pressure pushes fluid rich in oxygen, nutrients, and other substances into the ___________

A
  • arterial end

- interstitial fluid

41
Q

At the venous end of the capillary, _____ and other wastes diffuse from tissue cells and into the capillary _____ stream.

A
  • CO2

- blood

42
Q

While the fluids exchange, the red blood cells do not leave what?

A

the capillaries

43
Q

______ pressure changes in the _______ near the heart correspond to the heartbeats

A
  • Dramatic

- arteries

44
Q

Pressure is higher in the systemic circuit than in the __________

A

-pulmonary circuit

45
Q

with increasing distance from the heart, the pressure changes become _______

A

-smaller

46
Q

Veins carry blood back to the ______ at low pressure

A

-heart

47
Q

We have a double circulation system. Blood flows through the heart in 2 circuits. Name them.

A

1) The pulmonary circuit (between the lungs and the heart)

2) The system circuit ( between the heart and the rest of the body)

48
Q

The pulmonary is between what?

A

the lungs and the heart

49
Q

The System circuit is between what?

A

the heart and the rest of the body

50
Q

Our blood circulates to and from the heart through 3 types of vessels. Name them

A

1) arteries
2) capillaries
3) veins

51
Q

What does the Pulmonary circuit do?

A

The pulmonary circuits carries blood between the heart and lungs. In the lungs, CO2 diffuses from the blood into the lungs, while O2 diffuses from the lungs into the blood. The pulmonary circuits then returns the O2 rich blood back to the heart.

52
Q

What does the Systemic circuit do?

A

The systemic circuit carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body. The blood supplies O2 to body tissues, while it picks up CO2. The oxygen-poor blood returns to the heart via the systemic circuit.

53
Q

How does the heart work?

A

The heart’s 4 chambered support double circulation and prevent oxygen-rich and oxygen poor blood from body tissues flows into the right atrium, and the right ventricle pumps it to the lungs. The oxygen-rich blood returning from the lungs doesn’t mix with oxygen-poor blood in the heart because it enters a separate chamber, the left atrium. The blood is forcefully pumped out to body tissues from the left ventricle.

54
Q

What exactly happens in the cardiac cycle of Diastole and Systole?

A

1) The muscles of the heart is relaxed, blood flows in (diastole)
2) Atria contract. Blood is forced into ventricles.
3) Ventricles contract. Blood is pumped out the heart into the aorta and pulmonary arteries (systole)

55
Q

The most important function of the circulatory system is the chemical exchange between the blood and tissue cells within?

A

capillary beds

56
Q

Chemical exchange within the capillary beds , their is a local exchange of molecules between the blood and interstial fluid, which bathes the cells of tissues. Diffusion of O2 and nutrients out capillary and into what?

A

tissue cells

57
Q

Chemical exchange within the capillary beds , their is a local exchange of molecules between the blood and interstial fluid, which bathes the cells of tissues. Diffusion of CO2 and wastes out of tissue cells and into _______

A

capillary

58
Q

The average blood a human has is?

A
  • 5 liters (11 pints) (45% of whole blood)
  • 1/2 plasma (55% of whole blood)
  • Several types of cellular elements
59
Q

What is the difference of blood and Plasma

A

Blood is the main bodily fluid and responsible for transporting important nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste products to and away from the cells. Plasma is the yellow liquid component of blood and constitutes 55% of the total blood volume.

60
Q

Red blood cells= most numerous cellular element of a ____________

A

-blood type

61
Q

Red blood cells are also known as what>

A

erithrocytes

62
Q

What determines the blood type?

A

Carbohydrate containing molecules on the surface determine the blood type

63
Q

red blood cells regularly leave and return to the circulatory system through the walls of the capillaries. True or False .

A

False. they stay in the capillaries. White blood cells can leave though

64
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

-protein in large amount in red blood cells
-contains FE aka iron
-O2 transport
((a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. Its molecule comprises four subunits, each containing an iron atom bound to a heme group.))

65
Q

How do you get Anemia?

A

When you have abnormally low amount of hemoglobin or red blood cells.

  • Fe aka iron deficiency
  • Sickle cell disease
  • cant carry as much oxygen
66
Q

Hemoglobin consists of what?

A
  • 2 alpha chains
  • 2 beta chains
  • O2 binding heme
  • quaternary structure
67
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A

The four levels of protein structure are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

68
Q

Define all 4 levels of protein structures

A
  1. Primary: refers to the unique sequence of amino acids in the protein. All proteins have a special sequence of amino acids, this sequence is derived from the cell’s DNA.
  2. Secondary : the coiling or bending of the polypeptide into sheets is referred to the proteins secondary structure. alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet are the basic forms of this level. They can exist separately or jointly in a protein.
  3. Tertiary: The folding back of a molecule upon itself and held together by disulfide bridges and hydrogen bonds. This adds to the proteins stability.
  4. Quaternary: Complex structure formed by the interaction of 2 or more polypeptide chains.
69
Q

White blood cells do what?

A

fight infections and cancer

70
Q

white blood cells are know as what?

A

leukocytes

71
Q

They are ____ fewer white blood cells than red blood cells

A

700

72
Q

Blood contains two components that aid in clotting. Name them

A

1) platelets

2) Fibrinogen

73
Q

What is platelets?

A

thrombocyotes are bits of cytoplasm pinched off from larger cells in the bone marrow. (Blood contains two components that aid in clotting.)

74
Q

What is Fibrinogen?

A

is a membrane-wrapped protein found in plasma (Blood contains two components that aid in clotting.)

75
Q

Platelets release molecules that _______ fibrinogen into _______

A
  • convert

- fibrin

76
Q

What is a fibrin?

A
  • a threadlike protein

- forms a dense network to create a patch and catch red blood cells, making sure they dont leave

77
Q

The role of the cardiovascular system in homeostasis has several functions. Name 5

A

1) controlling chemical balance
2) controlling the composition of the blood
3) regulating body temperature
4) distributing hormones
5) defending against foreign invaders

78
Q

Whats a blockage?

A

quick death of heart muscle cells, can have a heart attack

79
Q

Coronary (blood to your heart) arteries supply what first?

A

the heart

80
Q

Atherosclerosis the fatty blood clot do what?

A
  • gradual vessel narrowing, impairment

- Plaques of cholesterol( thicker molecules), other susbtances

81
Q

respiratory system means

A

gas exchange

82
Q

In the human respiratory system there are many levels of gas exchange. NAME 3

A

1) breathing
2) transport of gases by the circulatory system
3) servicing of cells within the body tissues

83
Q

Where are lungs located?

A

the chest activity

84
Q

Air moves from mouth and nose to what?

A

bronchioles

85
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

smallest branches of the tubes within the lungs

86
Q

bronchioles dead end in clusters of air called what?

A

alveoli

87
Q

Alveoli is the site of what?

A

gas xchange

88
Q

breathing is the alternating process of what?

A

inhalation and exhalation

89
Q

lung volume increases as the ribcage is pulled ___ and the diaphragm moves _____

A
  • out

- down

90
Q

Lung volume _________ as the ribcage is pulled in and the diaphragm pulled _____

A
  • decreases

- up

91
Q

The role of hemoglobin in gas transport is?

A
  • O2 not readily soluble in blood

- O2 carried in hemoglobin molecules within red blood cells

92
Q

A shortage of iron causes a decrease in the rate of synthesis of _________ and iron deficiency is the most common cause of _______

A
  • hemoglobin

- ANEMIA

93
Q

Tobacco smoke irritates cells that line the _______ and ______

A
  • trachea

- bronchi

Exam 3 part 2 (1 decks)

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