Exam 3 - Neurosensory/Respiration/Circulation/Perfusion/Elimination

Question 1

What is the substance in the lungs that keep air sacs inflated for effective respiration?

Answer 1

Surfactant

Question 2

What is atelectasis?

Answer 2

Collapse of alveoli

Question 3

What factors put infants at risk for repiratory problems?

Answer 3

1 - Lower airway structures immature = Rapid infection spread
2- Narrow airway = Easy obstruction
3- Immature CNS = abnormal breathing patterns/apnea
4- Immature immune
5- Place objects in mouth ~6mo = Choking

Question 4

Respiration risks for toddlers?

Answer 4

1- URI due to tonsils and adenoids (Tonsillitis)
2- School exposes germs
3- Aspiration of small objects due to short/small airway
4- Drowning

Question 5

Respiratory risks for preschool/school aged children?

Answer 5

1- Croup/ pneumonia
2- Asthma
3- Drug use

Question 6

Respiratory risks in adolescents?

Answer 6

1- Drugs
2- Didn’t get flu vaccine
3- Exercise induced asthma

Question 7

Respiration risks in Young/Middle/Older adults?

Answer 7

1-Drugs
2-Poor exercise
3-Life stressors
4- Decline of organs

Question 8

Lung changes in older adults?

Answer 8

1- Reduced lung expansion and alveolar inflation
2- Difficulty expelling mucus/foreign material
3- Decreased ability to increase ventilation as diaphragm weakens (air trapping)
4- Decreased immune response
5-Gastroesophageal reflux disease
6- Slowed Chemoreceptors

Question 9

Environmental factors that affect oxygenation?

Answer 9

Stress
Allergic reactions
Altitude
Temperature

Question 10

`Stress can affect the resp system by?

Answer 10

1 Increased tendency to clot

2 Suppressed immune system

Question 11

High altitudes can cause?

Answer 11

Hypoxemia
Hypoxia
Due to lower oxygen levels

Question 12

During pregnancy oxygen demand?

Answer 12

Increases r/t increased metabolism and less room for diaphragm to move downward

Question 13

Obesity (BMI >30) can cause what respiratory problems?

Answer 13

Respiratory Infections as the chest cannot fully expand and the lower lung lobes are poorly ventilated and cannot remove secretions

Sleep apnea as the chest and neck are heavy and cause obstruction

Question 14

Main steam smoke?
vs
Sidestream Smoke?

Answer 14

Main= Directly from cigg and exhaled

Side= Released from tip to air

Question 15

What does Tobacco do to the air way?

Answer 15

-Constricts Bronchioles
-Increases fluid secretions
-Inflammation/
swelling bronchial lining
-Paralyzes cilia

Question 16

Cigarettes are the cause of __% lung cancers?

Answer 16

80%

Question 17

Medications that cause respiratory depression?

Answer 17

• General anesthetics
• Opioids
• Anti-anxiety
• Sedative-hypnotics
• NeuroMusc blocking agents
• Magnesium sulfate

Question 18

What med should you avoid in people with asthma?

Answer 18

Drugs that block Beta-2 adrenergic receptors (Lower BP)

Question 19

Basic functions of the nervous system?

Answer 19

Cognition
Emotion
Memory
Sensation
Perception
Regulation of homeostasis

Question 20

What neurological screening test is used for young children?

Answer 20

Denver II

Question 21

What does not change with normal aging?

Answer 21

Intelligence, Descriminiation, and Memory
-These are affected by adverse S/E meds, nutrition deficit, Cardiovascular changes, neurological disease, dehydration, alcohol, drugs, depression, diabetes.

Question 22

Cerebral Functioning?

Answer 22

Refers to clients intellectual and behavioral functioning

• LOC
• Orientation
• Mental Status
• Cognitive Functioning
• Communication

Question 23

LOC

Answer 23

Arousal and Orientation

Question 24

Arousal is based on what 3 stimuli?

Answer 24

Auditory
Tactile
Painful

Question 25

How do you document LOC?

Answer 25

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

Question 26

Glasgow Coma Scale evaluates?

Answer 26

Eye Opening Motor Responses Verbal Responses *Limitations - Relies heavily on vision and verbal responses and doesn't evaluate brainstem reflexes.

Question 27

Other than GCS how can you describe LOC?

Answer 27

Alert- Follows commands Lethargic - Drowsy, drifts off to sleep Stuporous - Needs vigorous stimulation Comatose - No response with verbal or painful stimuli

Question 28

Orientation x 3?

Answer 28

Time - Year, Date, Time Place - Know surroundings Person - Familiar with self and persons

Question 29

Mental status and cognitive function?

Answer 29

Behavior, appearance, response to stimuli, speech, memory, communication, and judegement

Question 30

Deep tendon reflexes (DTRs)

Answer 30

Automatic responses that do not require conscious thought from the brain.

Question 31

Sensory experience involves what 4 components?

Answer 31

Stimulus, Reception, Perception, Arousal Mechanism

Question 32

Stimulus examples?

Answer 32

Sight, Sound, Taste, Touch, Pain, anything that stimulates a nerve receptor.

Question 33

Reception is?

Answer 33

The process of receiving stimuli from nerve endings in the skin and body.

Question 34

Mechanoreceptors detect?

Answer 34

In skin and hair, detect touch, pressure, and vibration

Question 35

Hair Cells detect?

Answer 35

Hearing, equilibrium, balance, speed of the body, and position of the head.

Question 36

Thermoreceptors detect?

Answer 36

In skin detect variations in temperature

Question 37

Proprioceptors detect?

Answer 37

in skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules, detect position of our body in space.

Question 38

Photoreceptors detect?

Answer 38

In retina, detect visible light.

Question 39

Chemoreceptors detect?

Answer 39

In our taste buds, detect taste.

Question 40

Olfactory receptors detect?

Answer 40

In nasal cavity, detect smell.

Question 41

Perception is?

Answer 41

The ability to interpret the impulses transmitted from the receptors and give meaning to the stimuli.

Question 42

Perception of a stimulus is affected by?

Answer 42

``` Past experiences Knowledge Attitude Location Number Frequency Changes in location, number, frequency ```

Question 43

What is the Reticular Activating System (RAS)?

Answer 43

Controls consciousness and alertness Makes connections between spinal cord, cerebellum, thalamus, and cerebral cortex. Relays visual, auditory, and others stimuli that keeps us awake, attentive, and observant.

Question 44

Response to stimuli is based on what factors?

Answer 44

intensity Contrast (ex Temp) Adaptation Previous experience

Question 45

Sensory Deprivation is?

Answer 45

A state of RAS deprevation caused by a lack of meaningful stimuli causing remaining stimuli to be overly noticeable and distorted filling the "sensory gap."

Question 46

Sensory Deprivation signs?

Answer 46

``` Irritability Confusion Reduced attention span Decreased problem solving ability Drowsiness Depression Preoccupation with somatic complaints (heart palpitations) Delusions Hallucinations ```

Question 47

Sensory overload is?

Answer 47

When the sensory stimuli is higher than the sensory system can efficiently process.

Question 48

Signs of sensory overload?

Answer 48

``` Irritability Confusion Reduced attention span Decreased problem solving ability Drowsiness (insomnia) Muscle tension Anxiety Inability to concentrate Decreased ability to perform tasks Restlessness Disorientation ```

Question 49

Xerostomia

Answer 49

Excessively dry mouth

Question 50

Anosmia

Answer 50

Loss of sense of smell