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A&P I > Exam 3 Muscles > Flashcards

Exam 3 Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

fulcrum

A

fixed point on which a level moves

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2
Q

resistance

A

the load to be overcome in a lever system

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3
Q

effort

A

the force exerted to overcome the resistance in a lever system

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4
Q

first class lever

A 
EFR
extension of head:
effort= contraction of the posterior neck muscles
fulcrum= alanto-occipital joint
resistance= weight of the head
ex. seesaw
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5
Q

second class lever

A

FRE
standing on toes:
fulcrum= distal epiphyses of the metatarsals
resistance= weight of body
effort= contraction of gastrocnemius and posterior leg muscles
ex. wheelbarrow

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6
Q

third class lever

A

REF
lifting a weight with one arm (flexion at the elbow):
resistance= weight of arm + weight you are trying to lift
effort= contraction of biceps brachii
fulcrum= elbow joint
*most muscles

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7
Q

power of a muscle contraction depends on:

A

the total cross-sectional area of the muscle

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8
Q

agonist

A
  • prime mover

- when contracts, a desired action occurs

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9
Q

antagonist

A

-opposing muscle which must relax to allow the agonist to work

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10
Q

synergist

A

-the muscles which contract and stabilize the intermediate joints

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11
Q

stabilizer

A

-these muscles stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that it can act more efficiently

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12
Q

compartment

A
  • muscles which have a common function

- associated with vessels and nerves

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13
Q

flexion

A

movement that decreases the angle between two bones

“flexor”

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14
Q

extension

A

an increase in the angle between two bones

“extensor”

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15
Q

abduction

A

movement away from the midline

“abductor”

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16
Q

adduction

A

movement towards the midline

“adductor”

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17
Q

elevation

A

movement of the body superiorly

“levator”

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18
Q

depression

A

movement of the body inferiorly

“depressor”

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19
Q

supination

A

turning the palm anteriorly

“supinator”

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20
Q

sphincter

A

ring of muscle

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21
Q

tensor

A

muscle that tightens or stretches a part of the body

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22
Q

muscles of facial expression

A 
O= fascia or bone of face
I= skin
N= Facial Nerve (C-VII)
orbicularis oris
orbicularis oculi
buccinator
platysma
frontalis
occipitalis
zygomaticus
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23
Q

masseter

A 
O= maxilla and zygomatic arch
I= angle and ramus of mandible
N= trigeminal (C-V)
A= elevates mandible (closes mouth)
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24
Q

temporalis

A 
O= temporal bone
I= coronoid process and ramus of mandible
N= trigeminal (C-V)
A= elevates and retracts mandible
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25
Q

medial pterygoid

A 
O= maxilla
I= mandible
N= trigeminal (C-V)
A= elevates mandible
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26
Q

lateral pterygoid

A 
N= trigeminal (C-V)
A= only muscle that opens the mouth
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27
Q

superior rectus

A 
O= common tendinous ring
I= superior central eyeball
N= oculomotor (C-III)
A= elevation of the eye (look up)
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28
Q

inferior rectus

A 
O= common tendinous ring
I= inferior central eyeball
N= oculomotor (C-III)
A=  depression of eye (look down)
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29
Q

lateral rectus

A 
O= common tendinous ring
I= lateral eyeball
N= abducens (C-VI)
A= abduct the eye
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30
Q

medial rectus

A 
O= common tendinous ring
I= lateral eyeball
N= oculomotor (C-III)
A= adduct the eye
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31
Q

superior oblique

A 
O= common tendinous ring
I= between SR and LR, through trochlea
N= trochlear (C-IV)
A= rotate eye medially
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32
Q

inferior oblique

A 
O= maxilla in floor of orbit
I= between IR and LR
N= oculomotor (C-III)
A=  rotate eye laterally
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33
Q

levator palpebrae superioris

A

elevates eyelids

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34
Q

extrinsic muscles of tongue

A

-glossus

N= hypoglossal (C-XII)

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35
Q

digastric

A 
O= mandible, temporal bone
I= hyoid bone
N= facial & trigeminal (C-V & C-VII)
A= elevates hyoid bone
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36
Q

suprahyoid muscles

A 
-elevate hyoid bone
digastric
stylohyoid
mylohyoid
geniogyoid
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37
Q

infrahyoid muscles

A 
-depress hyoid bone ("strap muscles")
omohyoid 
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
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38
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A 
O= sternum, clavicle
I= mastoid process
N= cervical spinal nerves
A= both flex the neck (if one side contracts, the head is rotated to opposite side)
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39
Q

muscles of neck that move the head

A

sternocleidomastoid
semispinalis capitis
splenius capitis
longissimis capitis

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40
Q

external oblique

A 
O= ribs 5-12
I= linea alba
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41
Q

internal oblique

A 
O= iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia
I= linea alba
42
Q

transverse abdominis

A 
O= ribs and cartilages 5-12, iliac crest
I= linea alba
43
Q

rectus abdominis

A 
O= pubic crest, pubic symphysis
I= xiphoid process, rib cartilages 5-7
44
Q

abdominal muscles

A
  • work together to compress and protect abdominal contents

- innervated by segmental spinal nerves

45
Q

diaphragm

A 
O= sternum, costal cartilages, lumbar vertebrae
I= central tendon of the diaphragm
N= phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
A= dome flattens during inhalation/contraction
46
Q

muscles of pelvic floor

A

-act as sphincters
-assist in resisting increased intra-abdominal pressure
-innervated by the sacral spinal nerves
levator ani & ischiococcygeus

47
Q

levator ani

A

elevates anus
two parts:
pubococcygeus
iliococcygeus

48
Q

muscles of the perineum

A 
anterior border= pubic symphysis
lateral border= ischial tuberosities
posterior border= coccyx
anterior triangle= urethra and external genitalia
posterior triangle: anus
innervated by pudendal nerve
49
Q

superficial perineal muscles

A

superficial transverse perineal
bulbospongiosus
ischiocavernosus

50
Q

deep perineal muscles

A

deep transverse perineal muscle
external urethral sphincter
external anal sphincter

51
Q

muscles that move the pectoral girdle anteriorly

A

subclavius
pectoralis minor
serratus anterior

52
Q

pectoralis minor

A 
O= ribs 3-5
I= coracoid process
N= pectoral nerves
A= abducts scapula, elevates ribs when scapula is fixed
53
Q

serratus anterior

A

O= ribs 1-8
I= vertebral border and inferior angle of scapula
N= long thoracic
A= abducts scapula, elevates ribs when scapula is fixed
-important in horizontal arm movements like punching and pushing & stabilizes scapula

54
Q

muscles that move pectoral girdle posteriorly

A 
trapezius
levator scapulae (deep to sternomastoid & trapezius)
rhomboid major and minor (deep to trapezius, used when forcibly lowering the raised upper limbs- like using sledgehammer)
55
Q

trapezius

A 
O= occipital bone, nuchal line, C7-C12 vertebrae
I= clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
N= XI & C3-C4
A= elevates clavicle, adducts scapula, elevates/depresses/extends head
56
Q

pectoralis major

A 
O= clavicle, sternum, ribs 2-6
I= greater tubercle of the humerus
N= medial/lateral pectoral nerves
A= adducts and medially rotates arm, flexes arm
57
Q

latissimus dorsi

A 
O= spines of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, ilium, lower 4 ribs
I= intertubercular sulcus of humerus
N= thoracodorsal nerve
A= extends, adducts, and medially rotates arm at shoulder, draws arm inferiorly and posteriorly (swimmer's muscle)
58
Q

deltoid

A 
O= clavicle, acromion, scapular spine
I= lateral surface of humerus
N= axillary nerve
A= abducts arm
59
Q

muscles of the rotator cuff

A

subscapularis
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor

60
Q

subscapularis

A 
O= subscapular fossa
I= lesser tubercle of humerus
N= subscapular nerves
A= medially rotates arm
61
Q

supraspinatus

A 
O= supraspinous fossa
I= grater tubercle of humerus
N= suprascapular nerve
A= assists deltoid in abduction
62
Q

infraspinatus

A 
O= infraspinous fossa
I= greater tubercle of humerus
N= axillary nerve
A= lateral rotation of arm, adduction of arm
63
Q

teres major

A

moves humerus and originates on scapula

64
Q

coracobrachialis

A

moves humerus and originates on scapula

65
Q

forearm flexors

A

biceps brachii
brachialis
brachioradialis

66
Q

biceps brachii

A 
O= coracoid process (short head), supraglenoid tubercle (long head)
I= radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis
N= musculocutaneous
A= flexion, supination
67
Q

triceps brachii

A 
O= infraglenoid tubercle (long head), posterior lateral humerus (lateral head), posterior humerus (medial head)
I= olecranon of ulna
N= radial
A= extension of forearm at elbow, extension of arm at shoulder
68
Q

muscles that move the wrist, hand, thumb, and fingers

A

anterior group= flexors of the wrist/fingers & pronators
posterior group= extensors of wrist/fingers & supinators
-flexors originate at medial epicondyle
-extensors originate at lateral epicondyle

69
Q

muscles of anterior compartment (forearm)

A

flexor carpi radialis (median nerve)
flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar nerve)
palmaris longus (outside of carpal tunnel, median nerve)
flexor digitorum superficialis (median nerve, splits)
flexor pollicis longus (deep, median nerve)
flexor digitorum profundus (deep, median nerve, goes through split)

70
Q

muscles of the posterior compartment (forearm)

A 
extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor digitorum
extensor digiti minimi
extensor carpi ulnaris
abductor pollicis longus (deep)
extensor pollicis brevis (deep)
extensor indicis (deep)
-all innervated by radial nerve
71
Q

thenar eminence

A

abductor pollicis brevis (median)
opponens pollicis (median)
flexor pollicis brevis (median and ulnar)
adductor pollicis (ulnar)

72
Q

hypothenar eminence

A

abductor digiti minimi (ulnar)
flexor digiti minimi brevis (ulnar)
opponens digiti minimi (ulnar)

73
Q

interosseous muscles of the hand

A

4 dorsal interossei =abductors of fingers II, III, IV
3 palmar interossei= adductin of fingers II, IV, V
ulnar nerve

74
Q

muscles that move the vertebral column

A 
splenius capitis & cervicis
erector spinae complex
iliocostalis (most lateral)
longissimus (middle)
spinalis (most medial)
scalenes
75
Q

iliopsoas

A 
O= lumbar vertebrae, iliac fossa
I= lesser trochanter of femur
N= L2-L3, femoral nerve
A= flexes thigh and vertebral column, laterally rotates thigh
-anterior to spine
76
Q

gluteus maximus

A 
O= iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx, aponeurosis of erector spinae
I= gluteal tuberosity of femur, iliotibial tract
N= inferior gluteal nerve
A= extension of thigh, lateral rotation of thigh
77
Q

gluteus medius & minimus

A 
O= ilium
I= greater trochanter
N= superior gluteal nerve
A= abducts and medially rotates femur, maintains axis of pelvis when stepping w/ opposite foot
78
Q

tensor fascia lata

A 
O= iliac crest
I= tibia via iliotibial tract
N= superior gluteal nerve
A= flexion and abduction of thigh
79
Q

muscles of posterior thigh

A

-hamstrings
-cross at the hip and knee
-flex knee and extend thigh
-tibial nerve
biceps femoris (lateral)
semitendinosus (medial group)
semimembranosus (medial group)

80
Q

biceps femoris

A 
O= ischial tuberosity, femur
I= fibular head, lateral condyle of tibia
N= tibial nerve
81
Q

semimembranosus

A 
O= ischial tuberosity
I= medial condyle, surface of the tibia
N= tibial nerve
82
Q

muscles of the anterior thigh

A

iliopsoas
quadriceps femoris complex
sartorius
tensor fascia lata

83
Q

quadriceps femoris complex

A

rectus femoris

vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius

84
Q

rectus femoris

A 
O= ilium
I= upper border of patella
N= femoral nerve
A= flexes thigh, extends knee
85
Q

vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius

A 
O= anterior and lateral femur
I= patellar tendon into tibial tuberosity
N= femoral nerve
A= extends knee
86
Q

sartorius

A 
O= anterior superior iliac spine
I= surface of tibia
N= femoral nerve
A= flexes leg at knee, flexes thigh and rotates it laterally (cross legs)
87
Q

muscles of the medial thigh

A

-all adductors
adductor group
pectineus (small adductor, most superior)
gracilis

88
Q

adductor magnus, longus, brevis (adductor group)

A 
O= pubis, ischium
I= linea aspera of femur
A= adducts, rotates, and flexes
89
Q

gracilis

A 
O= pubic symphysis and arch
I= medial surface of tibia
A= adducts thigh and flexes knee
90
Q

gastrocnemius/soleus (posterior leg)

A 
O= lateral and medial condyles of femur, knee capsule
I= calcaneus via achilles tendon
N= tibial nerve
A= flexes knee, plantar flexes foot
91
Q

tibialis anterior (anterior leg)

A 
O= tibia
I= anterior tarsal bones
A= dorsiflexes/inverts foot
92
Q

anterior compartment of leg

A

tibialis anterior
extensor hallucis longus
extensor digitorum longus

93
Q

tibialis anterior

A 
O= lateral condule and body of tibia
I= 1st metatarsal and 1st cuneiform
N= deep fibular nerve
A= dorsiflexes foot at ankle and inverts foot
94
Q

lateral compartment of leg

A

fibularis longus and brevis

95
Q

posterior compartment of leg (superficial)

A

gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris

96
Q

posterior compartment of leg (deep)

A

popliteus
tibialis posterior
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus

97
Q

tibialis posterior

A 
O= tibia, fibula
I= metatarsals 2,3,4 & some tarsals
N= tibial nerve
A= plantar flexes foot and inverts foot
98
Q

extensor digitorum & extensor hallucis brevis

A

only muscle located on dorsum of food

99
Q

lateral plantar muscles

A

abductor digiti minimi

flexor digiti minimi brevis

100
Q

medial plantar muscles

A

abductor hallucis
flexor hallucis brevis
adductor hallucis

A&P I (2 decks)

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