Exam 3 Meds

Question 1

Labetatol

NON-SELECTIVE ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS

Answer 1

For: HTN
* lowers BP and pulse and increases renal perfusion

MOA: Competitively block the effects of norepinephrine at the alpha and beta receptors throughout the SNS

AE: Dizziness, insomnia, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, arrhythmias, hypotension, CHF, pulmonary edema, bronchospasm

CI: Allergy, shock, heart block, bradycardia, CHF
Caution: bronchospasms, asthma, DM, pregnancy

Drug-Drug: Enflurane, halothane or isoflurane anesthetics,
Diabetic agents, Calcium channel blockers

Question 2

Phentolamine

NONSELECTIVE ALPHA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS

Answer 2

For: It can prevent and control high blood pressure during surgery. It can treat and prevent skin injury caused by norepinephrine injection. It is also used to diagnose an adrenal gland tumor (pheochromocytoma).

MOA: Blocks postsynaptic alpha1 and presynaptic alpha2 receptors, decreasting symp tone and vasculature = vasodilation

AE: hypotension, orthostatic hypotension, angina, MI, CVA, Arrhythmia, weakness, and dizziness

CI: Allergy, CAD, MI
Caution: pregnancy/lactation

Drug-Drug: Ephedrine, EPI, alcohol

Question 3

Doxazosin

ALPHA1-SELECTIVE ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS

Answer 3

For: HTN and BPH

MOA: blocks postsyn alpha1 receptor site to create vasodilation, metabolized in the liver

AE: Postural dizziness, fatigue, weakness, HA, NVD, abdominal pain, hypotension, arrhythmia, edema, CHF, angina

CI: Allergy, lactation
Caution: CHF, renal failure

Drug-Drug: Vasodilators or antihypertensive drugs

Question 4

Atenolol

Beta 1 Selective Adrenergic Blocking Agent

Answer 4

For: HNT, angina

MOA: blocks beta 1 receptors in SNS

AE: Fatigue, dizziness, sleep disturbances, bradycardia, heart block, CHF, hypotension, symptoms in respiratory tract range from rhinitis to bronchospasm, NVD, decreased libido and impotence

CI: Allergy, sinus bradycardia, heart block, cardiogenic shock, CHF, and hypotension
Caution: COPD, diabetes, thyroid disease

Drug-Drug: Clonidine, NSAIDs, rifampin, barbiturates, epinephrine, prazosin, verapamil, cimetidine, methimazole, propylthiouracil

Question 5

Propranolol

NONSELECTIVE BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS

Answer 5

For: HTN, angina, migranes, MI reinfarction

MOA: competitive blocking of beta-receptors in SNS by blocking them in the heart and nephrons

AE: Fatigue, dizziness, depression, sleep disturbances, bradycardia, heart block, hypotension, bronchospasm, NVD, decreased libido

CI: Allergy, DM, bradycardia, heart block, shock, or CHF, COPD, asthma, pregnancy and lactation
Caution: DM, hepatic dysfunction

Question 6

Captopril

ACE Inhibitor

Answer 6

For: HTN, CHF, diabetic nephropathy, left ventricular dysfunction following an MI

MOA: Blocks ACE from converting Angio 1 to 2, which decreases BP, aldosterone, and small increases in K levels with Na and fluid loss

AE: Related to the effects of vasodilatation and alterations in blood flow, GI irritation, Renal insufficiency, Cough

CI: Allergy, impaired renal function, pregnancy/lactation
Caution: CHF

Drug-Drug: Allopurinol

Question 7

Losartan

Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker

Answer 7

For: HTN

MOA: binds with angio 2 receptors in smooth muscles in adrenal coretex to block vasoconstriction and the release of aldosterone

AE: Headache, dizziness, syncope, weakness, GI complaints, skin rash or dry skin

CI: Allergy, pregnancy/lactation
Caution: Hepatic or renal dysfunction, and hypovolemia

Drug-Drug: phenobarbital

Question 8

Diltiazem

Calcium Channel Blockers

Answer 8

For: Decrease BP, cardiac workload, and myocardial oxygen consumption, Treatment of essential HTN – extended release
Prinzemental’s angina: spasm in the heart’s arteries that temporarily reduces blood flow

MOA: inhibits Ca ions across membranes in heart and arterial muscle cells, leading to slowed conduction, decreased myocardial contractility, dilation of arterioles - lowers BP and decreases myocardial O2 consumption

AE: Related to effects on cardiac output, GI symptoms, CV symptoms, skin reactions, headache

CI: Allergy, heart block or sick sinus syndrome, renal or hepatic dysfunction, pregnancy, and lactation

Drug: Cyclosporine
Food: Grapefruit Juice

Question 9

Nitroprusside

Vasodilator

Answer 9

For: severe HTN, malignant hypertension, hypertensive emergencies

MOA: directly on smooth muscle to create muscle relaxation = vasodilation and drop in BP

AE: Related to changes in the blood pressure, GI upset, Cyanide Toxicity

CI: Allergy, pregnancy, lactation, cerebral insufficiency
Caution: Peripheral vascular disease, CAD, CHF, or
tachycardia

Question 10

Digoxin

Cardiac Glyoside

Answer 10

For: Heart Failure, AFib

MOA: increases force of contarctions, CO, renal perfusion, and output
* Decreaes BV to slow HR and conduction through AV node
* Increases intracellular Ca during depol, positive inotrophic effect, increase renal perfusion, decrease renin release

AE: Headache, weakness, drowsiness, and vision changes, GI upset and anorexia, arrhythmia development, reflex changes with toxicity, can see yellow halos with toxicity

CI: Allergy, Ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, heart block, or sick sinus syndrome, Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, Acute MI, renal insufficiency, and electrolyte abnormalities
Caution: Pregnancy and lactation, Pediatric and geriatric

Drug-Drug: Verapamil, amiodarone, quinidine, quinine, erythromycin, tetracycline, or cyclosporine, Potassium losing diuretics, Cholestyramine, charcoal, colestipol, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, or methotrexate

Question 11

Propranolol

Class II Antiarrhythmic

Answer 11

For: SVT (Supraventricular tachycardia) and PVCs (Premature ventricular contraction)

MOA: block beta receptors causing depression of phase 4 of action potential
* block beta receptor sites in heart and kidney
* decreases HR, cardiac excitability, CO
* slow conduction through AV node

AE: CNS – Dizziness, insomnia, dreams, and fatigue, CV – Hypotension, bradycardia, AV block, arrhythmias, Respiratory – Bronchospasm and dyspnea, GI – Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, Misc. – Loss of libido, decreased exercise tolerance, alterations in blood glucose levels

CI: Sinus bradycardia, AV block, cardiogenic shock, CHF, asthma, or respiratorydepression, pregnancy, and lactation
Caution: Diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, renal or hepatic dysfunction

Drug-Drug: Verapamil, Insulin

Question 12

Amiodarone

Class III Antiarrhythmic

Answer 12

For: life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, maintenance of sinus rhythm after conversion of atrial arrythmias

MOA: blocks K channels to slow outward movement of potassium during phase 3 of AP - prolongs it

AE: Nausea, vomiting, constipation, weakness, dizziness, arrhythmia, heart failure

Caution: Shock, hypotension, respiratory depression,
prolonged QT interval, renal or hepatic disease

Drug-Drug: Digoxin or Quinidine

Question 13

Diltiazem

Class IV Antiarrhythmic

Answer 13

For: SVT, control ventricular response to rapid atrial rates

MOA: block Ca ions moving across cell mem, delaying phases 1 and 2 of repolarization = slows automaticity and conduction through AV node

AE: Dizziness, weakness, fatigue, depression, GI upset, hypotension, CHF, and shock

CI: Allergy, sick sinus syndrome or heart block, pregnancy, lactation, CHF, hypotension
Caution: Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis

Question 14

Nitroglycerin

Antianginal Drug

Answer 14

For: angina pectoris

MOA: improve blood delivery to heart by dilating BV = increases O2 levels
decreases work of heart with improving blood delivery = decrease the demand for O2
restore appropriate supply-and-demand ratio of O2 delivery when rest is not enough

AE: NS – Headache, dizziness, and weakness, GI – Nausea, vomiting, CV – Hypotension, Misc. – Flushing, pallor, increased perspiration

CI: Allergy, Severe anemia, Head trauma or cerebral hemorrhage,
Pregnancy and lactation
Caution: Hepatic or renal disease, Hypotension, hypovolemia, and conditions that limit cardiac output

Drug-Drug: Ergot derivatives, Heparin

Question 15

Metoprolol

Beta-Blockers

Answer 15

For: stable angina, HTN, prevent reinfarction in MI, stable CHF

MOA: Competitively blocks beta-adrenergic receptors in the heartand kidneys, decreases the influence of the SNS on thesetissues; decreases cardiac output and the release of renin

AE: CNS – Dizziness, fatigue, emotional depression, GI – Nausea, vomiting, colitis, CV – CHF, decreased cardiac output, and arrhythmias, Respiratory – Bronchospasm, dyspnea, and cough

CI: Bradycardia, Heart block, Cardiogenic shock, Asthma or COPD, Pregnancy and lactation
Caution: DM, PVD, Thyrotoxicosis

Drug-Drug: Clonidine, NSAIDs

Question 16

Cholestyramine

Bile Acid Sequestrants

Answer 16

For: Prevention of CAD by decreasing serum cholesterol levels, Reduces elevated serum cholesterol in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia, pruritus associated with partial biliary obstruction

MOA: lower serum levels of cholesterol, binds to bile acids in intestine to allow excretion in feces instead of reabsorption
* causes cholesterol to be iodized in liver and serum cholesterol levels to fall

AE: Headache, fatigue, and drowsiness, Direct GI irritation – Nausea, constipation, Increased bleeding times, Vitamin A and E deficiencies

CI: Allergy, Complete biliary obstruction, Abnormal intestinal function, Pregnancy and lactation

Drug-Drug: Malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins, Thiazide diuretics, digoxin, warfarin, thyroid hormones, andcorticosteroids

Question 17

Atorvastatin

HMG-COA Reductase Inhibitors

Answer 17

For: elevated cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL, increase HDL-C, treat familial hypercholesterolemia and two+ risk factors for CAD

MOA: the early rate-limiting step cellular cholesterol synthesis involves the enzyme HMG–CoA reductase. If this enzyme is blocked, serum cholesterol and LDL decrease
* Inhibits HMG-CoA, decreases serum cholesterol levels, LDLs, and triglycerides, increases HDL levels

AE: GI symptoms: Flatulence, abdominal pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting, and constipation, CNS: Headache, dizziness, blurred vision, insomnia, fatigue, Liver failure, Rhabdomyolysis

CI: Allergy, Active liver disease or history of alcoholic liverdisease, Pregnancy or lactation
Caution: impaired endocrine function

Drug: Erythromycin, cyclosporine, gemfibrozil, niacina,
Digoxin or warfarin, Estrogen
Food: Grapefruit juice

Question 18

Ezetimibe

CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION INHIBITORS

Answer 18

For: Lower serum cholesterol levels; treat homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia; treat homozygous sitosterolemia to lower sitosterol and campesterol levels

MOA: Works in the brush border of the small intestine to inhibit the absorption of cholesterol

AE: abdominal pain, diarrhea, Headache, dizziness, fatigue, URI, back pain, Muscle aches and pain

CI: Allergy, Pregnancy or lactation if combined with a statin
Caution: Pregnancy or lactation (monotherapy), Elderly
patients, Liver disease

Drug: Cholestyramine, fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, or
antacids, Cyclosporine, Fibrates, Warfarin

Question 19

Hydrochlorothiazide

Thiazide Diuretic

Answer 19

For: edema from CHF, acute pulmonary edema, liver disease, renal disease, HTN, conditions that cause hyperK

MOA: Increase the amount of urine produced by the kidneys. Increase sodium excretion
* Action is to block the chloride pump. Keeps chloride and the sodium in the tubule to be excreted in the urine, thus preventing the reabsorption of both in the vascular system

AE: GI upset, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, hypotension, increased blood glucose levels, alkalinized urine

CI: Allergy to thiazides or sulfonamides, Fluid and electrolyte imbalances, Renaland liver disease
Caution: Gout, SLE, Liver disease, Hyperparathyroidism, Bipolar disorder, Pregnancy and lactation, Diabetes or glucose tolerance abnormalities

Drug: Cholestyramine or colestipol, Digoxin,
Antidiabetic agents, Lithium

Question 20

Furosemide

Loop Diuretic

Answer 20

For: edema with CHF, acute pul edema, liver disease, renal disease, hypertension, hyperK

MOA: increase amount of urine produced by kidneys, increase Na excretion, block Cl pump in loop of Henle - reabsorption of Na and Cl

AE: Related to the imbalance in electrolytes and fluid, Hypokalemia, Alkalosis, Hypocalcemia

CI: Allergy, Electrolyte depletion, Anuria, Severe renal failure, Hepatic coma, Pregnancy and lactation
Caution: SLE, gout, and diabetes mellitus

Drug: Aminoglycosides or cisplatine, Anticoagulation,
Indomethacin, ibuprofen, salicylates, or NSAIDs

Question 21

Acetazolamide

CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS

Answer 21

For: Edema associated with congestive heart failure, Acute pulmonary edema, Liver disease (including cirrhosis), Renal disease, Hypertension, Conditions that cause hyperkalemia
* Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: Adjuncts to other diuretics, Glaucoma (dec. IOP by fluid)

MOA: used as adjucts to other diuretics when more insense diuresis is needed
* Block the effects of carbonic anhydrase; slow down the movement of hydrogen ions, More sodium and bicarbonate are lost in the urine

AE: Related to disturbances in acid and base balance and electrolyte balances, Metabolic acidosis, Hypokalemia, Paresthesia of extremities, confusion, drowsiness

CI: Allergy, Noncongestive angle-closure glaucoma
Caution: Pregnancy and lactation, Fluid or electrolyte imbalances, Renal or hepatic disease, Adrenocortical insufficiency, Respiratory acidosis, COPD

Drug: Salicylates and lithium

Question 22

Spironolactone

K Sparing Diuretics

Answer 22

For: Edema associated with congestive heart failure, Acute pulmonary edema, Liver disease including cirrhosis), Renal disease, Hypertension, Conditions that cause hyperkalemia
* K+ sparing: Adjuncts with thiazide or loop diuretics. Patients who are at risk for hypokalemia.

MOA: These drugs are used as adjuncts to other diuretics when a more intense diuresis is needed
* Cause a loss of sodium while retaining potassium. Block the actions of aldosterone in the distal tubule (Not as powerful as the loop diuretics)

AE: hyperkalemia

CI: Allergy, Hyperkalemia, renal disease, or anuria, Patients taking amiloride or triamterene
Caution: Pregnancy and lactation

Drug: Salicylates

Question 23

Mannitol

Osmotic Diuretic

Answer 23

For: Osmotic Diuretics: Increased cranial pressure or acute renal failure due to shock, drug overdose, or trauma

MOA: Creates a very intense diuresis = Pull water into the renal tubule without sodium loss.

AE: Related to sudden drop in fluid levels, Nausea, vomiting, hypotension, light-headedness, confusion, and headache

CI: Renal disease and anuria, Pulmonary congestion, Intracranial bleeding, dehydration, CHF

Question 24

Dextromethorphan

Antitussive

Answer 24

For: Suppresses cough, Control nonproductive cough

MOA: Act directly on the medullary cough center of the brain to depress the cough reflex

AE: Drying effect on the mucous membranes, CNS adverse effects and GI upset, Consider type of cough, age, and if patient should be taking

CI: Patients who need to cough to maintain the airway, Head injury or impaired CNS
Caution: Hypersensitivity or history of narcotic addiction

Drug: MAOIs

Question 25

Tetrahydrozoline

Topical Nasal Congestants

Answer 25

For: Relieve the discomfort of nasal congestion that accompanies the common cold, sinusitis, and allergic rhinitis, Decrease the blood flow to the upper respiratory tract and decrease the overproduction of secretions

MOA: Decrease the overproduction of secretions by causing local vasoconstriction to the upper respiratory tract
* Sympathomimetic, Affects sympathetic nervous system to cause vasodilatation, Causing less inflammation of the nasal membrane

AE: Local stinging and burning, Rebound congestion,
Sympathomimetic effects, NV, mild HA
* Consider nasal membranes, glaucoma, DM, thyroid disease, HTN, respiratory status

CI: Lesion or erosion in the mucous membranes
Caution: Any condition that might be exacerbated by
sympathetic activity

Drug: Cyclopropane or halothane

Question 26

Pseudoephedrine

Oral Decongestant

Answer 26

For: Promotion of drainage in the sinuses and improving air flow
* Decrease the blood flow to the upper respiratory tract and decrease the overproduction of secretions

MOA: Decrease nasal congestion related to the common cold, sinusitis, and allergic rhinitis
* Shrink the nasal mucous membrane by stimulating the alpha-adrenergic receptors in the nasal mucous membranes

AE: Rebound congestion, Sympathetic effects, dizziness, anxiety
* Consider HTN, pregnancy/lactation, HTN, Hyperthyroidism, CAD, prostate hyperplasia, DM

CI: Any condition that might be exacerbated by sympathetic activity

Drug: OTC products that contain pseudoephedrine; taking concurrently can cause serious side effects

Question 27

Flunisolide

Topical Nasal Steroid Decongestants

Answer 27

For: Seasonal allergic rhinitis, Inflammation after the removal of nasal polyps
* Decrease the blood flow to the upper respiratory tract and decrease the overproduction of secretions

MOA: Relieves inflammation at site of use – blocks complexes, Exact mechanism of action is not know

AE: Local burning, irritation, stinging, dryness of the mucosa, and headache, Suppression of healing can occur in a patient who has had nasal surgery or trauma

CI: Acute infection
Caution: Active infection, Avoid exposure to airborne
infections

Question 28

Diphenhydramine

Antihistamines

Answer 28

For: Seasonal allergies, allergic reaction, motion sickness
* Seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, uncomplicated urticaria, and angioedema

MOA: Selectively blocks of Histamine1 Receptors. Atropine (anticholinergic) like effect, antipruritic, sedative
effects

AE: Drowsiness and sedation, Anticholinergic effects
* Consider prolonged QT interval, respiratory status

CI: pregnancy/lactation
Caution: Renal or hepatic impairment, History of
arrhythmias

Question 29

Guaifenesin

Expectorant

Answer 29

For: Symptomatic relief of respiratory conditions characterized by a dry, non-productive cough

MOA: Increase productive cough to clear the airways.
* They liquefy lower respiratory tract secretions, reducing the viscosity of these secretions and making it easier for the patient to cough them up
* Enhances the output of respiratory tract fluids by reducing the adhesiveness and surface tension of these fluids, allowing easier movement of the less viscous secretions

AE: GI symptoms, Headache, Dizziness, Mild rash, Prolonged use may result in masking a serious underlying disorder
* Consider smoker, asthmatic, someone with emphysema and what their cough is like

Question 30

Acetylcysteine

Mucolytics

Answer 30

For: Patients who have difficulty coughing up secretions, who develop atelectasis, with tracheostomies undergoing diagnostic bronchoscopy, and postoperative patients
* Given IV or PO w/ acetaminophen OD to protect liver

MOA: Increase or liquefy respiratory secretions to aid the clearing of the airways in high-risk respiratory patients who are coughing up thick, tenacious secretions. Decrease viscosity of mucous, and protects liver cells.

AE: GI upset, Stomatitis and/or rhinorrhea, Bronchospasm, Rash
* Consider presence of acute bronchospasm, peptic ulcer and esophageal varices

Caution: Acute bronchospasm, peptic ulcer, and esophageal varices

Question 31

Theophylline

Xanthines

Answer 31

For: Symptomatic relief or prevention of bronchial asthma and for reversal of bronchospasm associated with COPD

MOA: Direct effect on the smooth muscles of the respiratory tract, both in the bronchi and in the blood vessels = increasing vital capacity and force of diaphragmatic muscle

AE: Related to theophylline levels in the blood, GI upset, nausea, irritability, and tachycardia to seizure, brain damage, and even death
* Consider presence of Peptic ulcer, gastritis, renal or hepatic dysfunction, and coronary disease

CI: GI problems, coronary disease, respiratory dysfunction, renal or hepatic disease, alcoholism, or
hyperthyroidism

Drug: cigarette substances

Question 32

Epinephrine

Sympathomimetics

Answer 32

For: Acute asthma attach, Bronchospasm in acute or chronic asthma, Prevention of exercise-induced asthma
* Anaphylactic reactions

MOA: Mimic effects of the sympathetic nervous system: dilation of bronchi with increased rate and depth of respiration, increased HR & BP
* Beta 2 selective adrenergic agonists

AE: Sympathomimetic stimulation, CNS stimulation, GI upset, cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, bronchospasm, sweating, pallor, and flushing
* Consider presence of CVD, smoking, pregnancy, DM, hyperthyroidism

CI: Depends on the severity of the underlying condition

Drug: general anesthesia

Question 33

Ipratropium

Anticholinergic

Answer 33

For: Maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with COPD
* Seasonal rhinitis, asthma exacerbations

MOA: Patients who cannot tolerate the sympathetic effects of the sympathomimetic might respond to the anticholinergic drugs
* Anticholinergic that blocks vagally mediated reflexes by antagonizing the action of acetylcholine

AE: Related to the anticholinergic effects of the drug, Dizziness, headache, fatigue, nervousness, dry mouth, sore throat, palpitations, and urinary
retention
* Consider presence of acute bronchospasms, BPH, HR, BP, bladder obstruction

Caution: Any condition that would be aggravated by the anticholinergic effects of the drug

Drug: other anticholinergic

Question 34

Budesonide

Inhaled Steroids

Answer 34

For: Prevention and treatment of asthma, Treat chronic steroid-dependent bronchial asthma

MOA: Decrease the inflammatory response in the airway

AE: Sore throat, Hoarseness, Coughing, Dry mouth, Pharyngeal and laryngeal fungal infections
* Consider presence of active infection

CI: Not used for emergency during an acute attack or status asthmaticus, Pregnancy or lactation

Question 35

Zafirlukast

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists

Answer 35

For: Prophylaxis and chronic treatment of bronchial asthma in adults and in patients younger than 5 years of age

MOA: Selectively and competitively block or antagonize receptors for the production of leukotrienes. Blocks leukotrienes which are slow responders to anaphylactic reaction = blocks airway edema, airway inflammation

AE: Headache, dizziness, myalgia, nausea, diarrhea and abdominal pain, elevated liver enzyme concentrations, vomiting, and generalized pain
* Consider presence of Acute bronchospasm or asthmatic attack, hepatic/renal impairment

Caution: Hepatic or renal impairment, Pregnancy and lactation

Drug: Propranolol, theophylline, terfenadine, or warfarin, Calcium channel blockers, cyclosporine, or aspirin

Question 36

Fosfomycin

Antiinfectives

Answer 36

For: Chronic UTI, Adjunctive therapy in acute cystitis and pyelonephritis, Prophylaxis with urinary tract anatomical abnormalities and residual urine disorders.

MOA: Act specifically within the urinary tract to destroy bacteria.
* They act either through direct antibiotic effect or through acidification

AE: Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, bladder irritation, and dysuria. Vaginitis. Pruitus, urticaria, headache, dizziness, nervousness, and confusion

CI: Allergy
Caution: Renal dysfunction, Pregnancy and lactation

Question 37

Oxybutynin

Urinary Tract Antispasmodics

Answer 37

For: bladder spasm, dysuria

MOA: Blocking parasympathetic activity. Relaxing the detrusor and other urinary tract muscles; inhibits Ach at muscarinic receptors
* Block the spasms of urinary tract muscles caused by various conditions

AE: Related to blocking of the parasympathetic system; Decreased sweating, dry mough, nausea, drowsiness, blurry vision, urinary retention, tachycardia

CI: Allergy, Pyloric or duodenal obstruction, Recent surgery, Obstructive urinary tract problems, Glaucoma, myasthenia gravis, or acute hemorrhage
* Caution: Renal or hepatic dysfunction, Pregnancy and lactation

Drug: Phenothiazines, Haloperidol

Question 38

Phenazopyridine

Urinary Tract Analgesia

Answer 38

For: Pain involving the urinary tract can be very uncomfortable and lead to urinary retention and increased risk of infection
* Relieve symptoms related to urinary tract irritation from infection, trauma, or surgery

MOA: When phenazopyridine is excreted in urine, it exerts a direct topical analgesic effect on the urinary mucosa

AE: GI upset, headache, rash, reddish-orange coloring of the urine and staining of contact lenses
* Renal and hepatic toxicity

CI: Allergy, renal dysfunction
Caution: Pregnancy and lactation

Drug: antibacterial agents

Question 39

Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium

Bladder Protectant

Answer 39

For: Used to coat or adhere to the bladder mucosal wall and protect it from irritation related to solutes in urine.
* Interstitial Cystitis

MOA: Heparin-like compound that has anticoagulant and fibrinolytic effects.
* Adheres to the bladder wall mucosal membranes and acts as a buffer to control cell permeability, preventing irritating solutes in the urine from reaching the bladder wall cells

AE: Bleeding that may progress to hemorrhage, Headache, alopecia, GI disturbances

CI: Condition that involve a risk of bleeding, Heparin induced thrombocytopenia
Caution: Hepatic or splenic dysfunction, Pregnancy or lactation

Drug: Anticoagulants, aspirin, or NSAIDs

Question 40

Finasteride

Drugs that Block Testosterine Production

Answer 40

For: benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and male pattern hair loss, also called androgenetic alopecia

MOA: blocks the action of an enzyme called 5-alpha-reductase. This enzyme changes testosterone to another hormone that causes the prostate to grow or hair loss in males. It will increase testosterone levels in the body, which decreases prostate size and increases hair growth on the scalp.