Exam 3 Meds Flashcards
Labetatol
NON-SELECTIVE ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS
For: HTN
* lowers BP and pulse and increases renal perfusion
MOA: Competitively block the effects of norepinephrine at the alpha and beta receptors throughout the SNS
AE: Dizziness, insomnia, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, arrhythmias, hypotension, CHF, pulmonary edema, bronchospasm
CI: Allergy, shock, heart block, bradycardia, CHF
Caution: bronchospasms, asthma, DM, pregnancy
Drug-Drug: Enflurane, halothane or isoflurane anesthetics,
Diabetic agents, Calcium channel blockers
Phentolamine
NONSELECTIVE ALPHA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS
For: It can prevent and control high blood pressure during surgery. It can treat and prevent skin injury caused by norepinephrine injection. It is also used to diagnose an adrenal gland tumor (pheochromocytoma).
MOA: Blocks postsynaptic alpha1 and presynaptic alpha2 receptors, decreasting symp tone and vasculature = vasodilation
AE: hypotension, orthostatic hypotension, angina, MI, CVA, Arrhythmia, weakness, and dizziness
CI: Allergy, CAD, MI
Caution: pregnancy/lactation
Drug-Drug: Ephedrine, EPI, alcohol
Doxazosin
ALPHA1-SELECTIVE ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS
For: HTN and BPH
MOA: blocks postsyn alpha1 receptor site to create vasodilation, metabolized in the liver
AE: Postural dizziness, fatigue, weakness, HA, NVD, abdominal pain, hypotension, arrhythmia, edema, CHF, angina
CI: Allergy, lactation
Caution: CHF, renal failure
Drug-Drug: Vasodilators or antihypertensive drugs
Atenolol
Beta 1 Selective Adrenergic Blocking Agent
For: HNT, angina
MOA: blocks beta 1 receptors in SNS
AE: Fatigue, dizziness, sleep disturbances, bradycardia, heart block, CHF, hypotension, symptoms in respiratory tract range from rhinitis to bronchospasm, NVD, decreased libido and impotence
CI: Allergy, sinus bradycardia, heart block, cardiogenic shock, CHF, and hypotension
Caution: COPD, diabetes, thyroid disease
Drug-Drug: Clonidine, NSAIDs, rifampin, barbiturates, epinephrine, prazosin, verapamil, cimetidine, methimazole, propylthiouracil
Propranolol
NONSELECTIVE BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS
For: HTN, angina, migranes, MI reinfarction
MOA: competitive blocking of beta-receptors in SNS by blocking them in the heart and nephrons
AE: Fatigue, dizziness, depression, sleep disturbances, bradycardia, heart block, hypotension, bronchospasm, NVD, decreased libido
CI: Allergy, DM, bradycardia, heart block, shock, or CHF, COPD, asthma, pregnancy and lactation
Caution: DM, hepatic dysfunction
Captopril
ACE Inhibitor
For: HTN, CHF, diabetic nephropathy, left ventricular dysfunction following an MI
MOA: Blocks ACE from converting Angio 1 to 2, which decreases BP, aldosterone, and small increases in K levels with Na and fluid loss
AE: Related to the effects of vasodilatation and alterations in blood flow, GI irritation, Renal insufficiency, Cough
CI: Allergy, impaired renal function, pregnancy/lactation
Caution: CHF
Drug-Drug: Allopurinol
Losartan
Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker
For: HTN
MOA: binds with angio 2 receptors in smooth muscles in adrenal coretex to block vasoconstriction and the release of aldosterone
AE: Headache, dizziness, syncope, weakness, GI complaints, skin rash or dry skin
CI: Allergy, pregnancy/lactation
Caution: Hepatic or renal dysfunction, and hypovolemia
Drug-Drug: phenobarbital
Diltiazem
Calcium Channel Blockers
For: Decrease BP, cardiac workload, and myocardial oxygen consumption, Treatment of essential HTN – extended release
Prinzemental’s angina: spasm in the heart’s arteries that temporarily reduces blood flow
MOA: inhibits Ca ions across membranes in heart and arterial muscle cells, leading to slowed conduction, decreased myocardial contractility, dilation of arterioles - lowers BP and decreases myocardial O2 consumption
AE: Related to effects on cardiac output, GI symptoms, CV symptoms, skin reactions, headache
CI: Allergy, heart block or sick sinus syndrome, renal or hepatic dysfunction, pregnancy, and lactation
Drug: Cyclosporine
Food: Grapefruit Juice
Nitroprusside
Vasodilator
For: severe HTN, malignant hypertension, hypertensive emergencies
MOA: directly on smooth muscle to create muscle relaxation = vasodilation and drop in BP
AE: Related to changes in the blood pressure, GI upset, Cyanide Toxicity
CI: Allergy, pregnancy, lactation, cerebral insufficiency
Caution: Peripheral vascular disease, CAD, CHF, or
tachycardia
Digoxin
Cardiac Glyoside
For: Heart Failure, AFib
MOA: increases force of contarctions, CO, renal perfusion, and output
* Decreaes BV to slow HR and conduction through AV node
* Increases intracellular Ca during depol, positive inotrophic effect, increase renal perfusion, decrease renin release
AE: Headache, weakness, drowsiness, and vision changes, GI upset and anorexia, arrhythmia development, reflex changes with toxicity, can see yellow halos with toxicity
CI: Allergy, Ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, heart block, or sick sinus syndrome, Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, Acute MI, renal insufficiency, and electrolyte abnormalities
Caution: Pregnancy and lactation, Pediatric and geriatric
Drug-Drug: Verapamil, amiodarone, quinidine, quinine, erythromycin, tetracycline, or cyclosporine, Potassium losing diuretics, Cholestyramine, charcoal, colestipol, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, or methotrexate
Propranolol
Class II Antiarrhythmic
For: SVT (Supraventricular tachycardia) and PVCs (Premature ventricular contraction)
MOA: block beta receptors causing depression of phase 4 of action potential
* block beta receptor sites in heart and kidney
* decreases HR, cardiac excitability, CO
* slow conduction through AV node
AE: CNS – Dizziness, insomnia, dreams, and fatigue, CV – Hypotension, bradycardia, AV block, arrhythmias, Respiratory – Bronchospasm and dyspnea, GI – Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, Misc. – Loss of libido, decreased exercise tolerance, alterations in blood glucose levels
CI: Sinus bradycardia, AV block, cardiogenic shock, CHF, asthma, or respiratorydepression, pregnancy, and lactation
Caution: Diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, renal or hepatic dysfunction
Drug-Drug: Verapamil, Insulin
Amiodarone
Class III Antiarrhythmic
For: life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, maintenance of sinus rhythm after conversion of atrial arrythmias
MOA: blocks K channels to slow outward movement of potassium during phase 3 of AP - prolongs it
AE: Nausea, vomiting, constipation, weakness, dizziness, arrhythmia, heart failure
Caution: Shock, hypotension, respiratory depression,
prolonged QT interval, renal or hepatic disease
Drug-Drug: Digoxin or Quinidine
Diltiazem
Class IV Antiarrhythmic
For: SVT, control ventricular response to rapid atrial rates
MOA: block Ca ions moving across cell mem, delaying phases 1 and 2 of repolarization = slows automaticity and conduction through AV node
AE: Dizziness, weakness, fatigue, depression, GI upset, hypotension, CHF, and shock
CI: Allergy, sick sinus syndrome or heart block, pregnancy, lactation, CHF, hypotension
Caution: Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis
Nitroglycerin
Antianginal Drug
For: angina pectoris
MOA: improve blood delivery to heart by dilating BV = increases O2 levels
decreases work of heart with improving blood delivery = decrease the demand for O2
restore appropriate supply-and-demand ratio of O2 delivery when rest is not enough
AE: NS – Headache, dizziness, and weakness, GI – Nausea, vomiting, CV – Hypotension, Misc. – Flushing, pallor, increased perspiration
CI: Allergy, Severe anemia, Head trauma or cerebral hemorrhage,
Pregnancy and lactation
Caution: Hepatic or renal disease, Hypotension, hypovolemia, and conditions that limit cardiac output
Drug-Drug: Ergot derivatives, Heparin
Metoprolol
Beta-Blockers
For: stable angina, HTN, prevent reinfarction in MI, stable CHF
MOA: Competitively blocks beta-adrenergic receptors in the heartand kidneys, decreases the influence of the SNS on thesetissues; decreases cardiac output and the release of renin
AE: CNS – Dizziness, fatigue, emotional depression, GI – Nausea, vomiting, colitis, CV – CHF, decreased cardiac output, and arrhythmias, Respiratory – Bronchospasm, dyspnea, and cough
CI: Bradycardia, Heart block, Cardiogenic shock, Asthma or COPD, Pregnancy and lactation
Caution: DM, PVD, Thyrotoxicosis
Drug-Drug: Clonidine, NSAIDs
Cholestyramine
Bile Acid Sequestrants
For: Prevention of CAD by decreasing serum cholesterol levels, Reduces elevated serum cholesterol in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia, pruritus associated with partial biliary obstruction
MOA: lower serum levels of cholesterol, binds to bile acids in intestine to allow excretion in feces instead of reabsorption
* causes cholesterol to be iodized in liver and serum cholesterol levels to fall
AE: Headache, fatigue, and drowsiness, Direct GI irritation – Nausea, constipation, Increased bleeding times, Vitamin A and E deficiencies
CI: Allergy, Complete biliary obstruction, Abnormal intestinal function, Pregnancy and lactation
Drug-Drug: Malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins, Thiazide diuretics, digoxin, warfarin, thyroid hormones, andcorticosteroids
Atorvastatin
HMG-COA Reductase Inhibitors
For: elevated cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL, increase HDL-C, treat familial hypercholesterolemia and two+ risk factors for CAD
MOA: the early rate-limiting step cellular cholesterol synthesis involves the enzyme HMG–CoA reductase. If this enzyme is blocked, serum cholesterol and LDL decrease
* Inhibits HMG-CoA, decreases serum cholesterol levels, LDLs, and triglycerides, increases HDL levels
AE: GI symptoms: Flatulence, abdominal pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting, and constipation, CNS: Headache, dizziness, blurred vision, insomnia, fatigue, Liver failure, Rhabdomyolysis
CI: Allergy, Active liver disease or history of alcoholic liverdisease, Pregnancy or lactation
Caution: impaired endocrine function
Drug: Erythromycin, cyclosporine, gemfibrozil, niacina,
Digoxin or warfarin, Estrogen
Food: Grapefruit juice
Ezetimibe
CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION INHIBITORS
For: Lower serum cholesterol levels; treat homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia; treat homozygous sitosterolemia to lower sitosterol and campesterol levels
MOA: Works in the brush border of the small intestine to inhibit the absorption of cholesterol
AE: abdominal pain, diarrhea, Headache, dizziness, fatigue, URI, back pain, Muscle aches and pain
CI: Allergy, Pregnancy or lactation if combined with a statin
Caution: Pregnancy or lactation (monotherapy), Elderly
patients, Liver disease
Drug: Cholestyramine, fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, or
antacids, Cyclosporine, Fibrates, Warfarin
Hydrochlorothiazide
Thiazide Diuretic
For: edema from CHF, acute pulmonary edema, liver disease, renal disease, HTN, conditions that cause hyperK
MOA: Increase the amount of urine produced by the kidneys. Increase sodium excretion
* Action is to block the chloride pump. Keeps chloride and the sodium in the tubule to be excreted in the urine, thus preventing the reabsorption of both in the vascular system
AE: GI upset, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, hypotension, increased blood glucose levels, alkalinized urine
CI: Allergy to thiazides or sulfonamides, Fluid and electrolyte imbalances, Renaland liver disease
Caution: Gout, SLE, Liver disease, Hyperparathyroidism, Bipolar disorder, Pregnancy and lactation, Diabetes or glucose tolerance abnormalities
Drug: Cholestyramine or colestipol, Digoxin,
Antidiabetic agents, Lithium
Furosemide
Loop Diuretic
For: edema with CHF, acute pul edema, liver disease, renal disease, hypertension, hyperK
MOA: increase amount of urine produced by kidneys, increase Na excretion, block Cl pump in loop of Henle - reabsorption of Na and Cl
AE: Related to the imbalance in electrolytes and fluid, Hypokalemia, Alkalosis, Hypocalcemia
CI: Allergy, Electrolyte depletion, Anuria, Severe renal failure, Hepatic coma, Pregnancy and lactation
Caution: SLE, gout, and diabetes mellitus
Drug: Aminoglycosides or cisplatine, Anticoagulation,
Indomethacin, ibuprofen, salicylates, or NSAIDs
Acetazolamide
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS
For: Edema associated with congestive heart failure, Acute pulmonary edema, Liver disease (including cirrhosis), Renal disease, Hypertension, Conditions that cause hyperkalemia
* Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: Adjuncts to other diuretics, Glaucoma (dec. IOP by fluid)
MOA: used as adjucts to other diuretics when more insense diuresis is needed
* Block the effects of carbonic anhydrase; slow down the movement of hydrogen ions, More sodium and bicarbonate are lost in the urine
AE: Related to disturbances in acid and base balance and electrolyte balances, Metabolic acidosis, Hypokalemia, Paresthesia of extremities, confusion, drowsiness
CI: Allergy, Noncongestive angle-closure glaucoma
Caution: Pregnancy and lactation, Fluid or electrolyte imbalances, Renal or hepatic disease, Adrenocortical insufficiency, Respiratory acidosis, COPD
Drug: Salicylates and lithium
Spironolactone
K Sparing Diuretics
For: Edema associated with congestive heart failure, Acute pulmonary edema, Liver disease including cirrhosis), Renal disease, Hypertension, Conditions that cause hyperkalemia
* K+ sparing: Adjuncts with thiazide or loop diuretics. Patients who are at risk for hypokalemia.
MOA: These drugs are used as adjuncts to other diuretics when a more intense diuresis is needed
* Cause a loss of sodium while retaining potassium. Block the actions of aldosterone in the distal tubule (Not as powerful as the loop diuretics)
AE: hyperkalemia
CI: Allergy, Hyperkalemia, renal disease, or anuria, Patients taking amiloride or triamterene
Caution: Pregnancy and lactation
Drug: Salicylates
Mannitol
Osmotic Diuretic
For: Osmotic Diuretics: Increased cranial pressure or acute renal failure due to shock, drug overdose, or trauma
MOA: Creates a very intense diuresis = Pull water into the renal tubule without sodium loss.
AE: Related to sudden drop in fluid levels, Nausea, vomiting, hypotension, light-headedness, confusion, and headache
CI: Renal disease and anuria, Pulmonary congestion, Intracranial bleeding, dehydration, CHF
Dextromethorphan
Antitussive
For: Suppresses cough, Control nonproductive cough
MOA: Act directly on the medullary cough center of the brain to depress the cough reflex
AE: Drying effect on the mucous membranes, CNS adverse effects and GI upset, Consider type of cough, age, and if patient should be taking
CI: Patients who need to cough to maintain the airway, Head injury or impaired CNS
Caution: Hypersensitivity or history of narcotic addiction
Drug: MAOIs
Tetrahydrozoline
Topical Nasal Congestants
For: Relieve the discomfort of nasal congestion that accompanies the common cold, sinusitis, and allergic rhinitis, Decrease the blood flow to the upper respiratory tract and decrease the overproduction of secretions
MOA: Decrease the overproduction of secretions by causing local vasoconstriction to the upper respiratory tract
* Sympathomimetic, Affects sympathetic nervous system to cause vasodilatation, Causing less inflammation of the nasal membrane
AE: Local stinging and burning, Rebound congestion,
Sympathomimetic effects, NV, mild HA
* Consider nasal membranes, glaucoma, DM, thyroid disease, HTN, respiratory status
CI: Lesion or erosion in the mucous membranes
Caution: Any condition that might be exacerbated by
sympathetic activity
Drug: Cyclopropane or halothane
Pseudoephedrine
Oral Decongestant
For: Promotion of drainage in the sinuses and improving air flow
* Decrease the blood flow to the upper respiratory tract and decrease the overproduction of secretions
MOA: Decrease nasal congestion related to the common cold, sinusitis, and allergic rhinitis
* Shrink the nasal mucous membrane by stimulating the alpha-adrenergic receptors in the nasal mucous membranes
AE: Rebound congestion, Sympathetic effects, dizziness, anxiety
* Consider HTN, pregnancy/lactation, HTN, Hyperthyroidism, CAD, prostate hyperplasia, DM
CI: Any condition that might be exacerbated by sympathetic activity
Drug: OTC products that contain pseudoephedrine; taking concurrently can cause serious side effects
Flunisolide
Topical Nasal Steroid Decongestants
For: Seasonal allergic rhinitis, Inflammation after the removal of nasal polyps
* Decrease the blood flow to the upper respiratory tract and decrease the overproduction of secretions
MOA: Relieves inflammation at site of use – blocks complexes, Exact mechanism of action is not know
AE: Local burning, irritation, stinging, dryness of the mucosa, and headache, Suppression of healing can occur in a patient who has had nasal surgery or trauma
CI: Acute infection
Caution: Active infection, Avoid exposure to airborne
infections
Diphenhydramine
Antihistamines
For: Seasonal allergies, allergic reaction, motion sickness
* Seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, uncomplicated urticaria, and angioedema
MOA: Selectively blocks of Histamine1 Receptors. Atropine (anticholinergic) like effect, antipruritic, sedative
effects
AE: Drowsiness and sedation, Anticholinergic effects
* Consider prolonged QT interval, respiratory status
CI: pregnancy/lactation
Caution: Renal or hepatic impairment, History of
arrhythmias
Guaifenesin
Expectorant
For: Symptomatic relief of respiratory conditions characterized by a dry, non-productive cough
MOA: Increase productive cough to clear the airways.
* They liquefy lower respiratory tract secretions, reducing the viscosity of these secretions and making it easier for the patient to cough them up
* Enhances the output of respiratory tract fluids by reducing the adhesiveness and surface tension of these fluids, allowing easier movement of the less viscous secretions
AE: GI symptoms, Headache, Dizziness, Mild rash, Prolonged use may result in masking a serious underlying disorder
* Consider smoker, asthmatic, someone with emphysema and what their cough is like
Acetylcysteine
Mucolytics
For: Patients who have difficulty coughing up secretions, who develop atelectasis, with tracheostomies undergoing diagnostic bronchoscopy, and postoperative patients
* Given IV or PO w/ acetaminophen OD to protect liver
MOA: Increase or liquefy respiratory secretions to aid the clearing of the airways in high-risk respiratory patients who are coughing up thick, tenacious secretions. Decrease viscosity of mucous, and protects liver cells.
AE: GI upset, Stomatitis and/or rhinorrhea, Bronchospasm, Rash
* Consider presence of acute bronchospasm, peptic ulcer and esophageal varices
Caution: Acute bronchospasm, peptic ulcer, and esophageal varices
Theophylline
Xanthines
For: Symptomatic relief or prevention of bronchial asthma and for reversal of bronchospasm associated with COPD
MOA: Direct effect on the smooth muscles of the respiratory tract, both in the bronchi and in the blood vessels = increasing vital capacity and force of diaphragmatic muscle
AE: Related to theophylline levels in the blood, GI upset, nausea, irritability, and tachycardia to seizure, brain damage, and even death
* Consider presence of Peptic ulcer, gastritis, renal or hepatic dysfunction, and coronary disease
CI: GI problems, coronary disease, respiratory dysfunction, renal or hepatic disease, alcoholism, or
hyperthyroidism
Drug: cigarette substances
Epinephrine
Sympathomimetics
For: Acute asthma attach, Bronchospasm in acute or chronic asthma, Prevention of exercise-induced asthma
* Anaphylactic reactions
MOA: Mimic effects of the sympathetic nervous system: dilation of bronchi with increased rate and depth of respiration, increased HR & BP
* Beta 2 selective adrenergic agonists
AE: Sympathomimetic stimulation, CNS stimulation, GI upset, cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, bronchospasm, sweating, pallor, and flushing
* Consider presence of CVD, smoking, pregnancy, DM, hyperthyroidism
CI: Depends on the severity of the underlying condition
Drug: general anesthesia
Ipratropium
Anticholinergic
For: Maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with COPD
* Seasonal rhinitis, asthma exacerbations
MOA: Patients who cannot tolerate the sympathetic effects of the sympathomimetic might respond to the anticholinergic drugs
* Anticholinergic that blocks vagally mediated reflexes by antagonizing the action of acetylcholine
AE: Related to the anticholinergic effects of the drug, Dizziness, headache, fatigue, nervousness, dry mouth, sore throat, palpitations, and urinary
retention
* Consider presence of acute bronchospasms, BPH, HR, BP, bladder obstruction
Caution: Any condition that would be aggravated by the anticholinergic effects of the drug
Drug: other anticholinergic
Budesonide
Inhaled Steroids
For: Prevention and treatment of asthma, Treat chronic steroid-dependent bronchial asthma
MOA: Decrease the inflammatory response in the airway
AE: Sore throat, Hoarseness, Coughing, Dry mouth, Pharyngeal and laryngeal fungal infections
* Consider presence of active infection
CI: Not used for emergency during an acute attack or status asthmaticus, Pregnancy or lactation
Zafirlukast
Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists
For: Prophylaxis and chronic treatment of bronchial asthma in adults and in patients younger than 5 years of age
MOA: Selectively and competitively block or antagonize receptors for the production of leukotrienes. Blocks leukotrienes which are slow responders to anaphylactic reaction = blocks airway edema, airway inflammation
AE: Headache, dizziness, myalgia, nausea, diarrhea and abdominal pain, elevated liver enzyme concentrations, vomiting, and generalized pain
* Consider presence of Acute bronchospasm or asthmatic attack, hepatic/renal impairment
Caution: Hepatic or renal impairment, Pregnancy and lactation
Drug: Propranolol, theophylline, terfenadine, or warfarin, Calcium channel blockers, cyclosporine, or aspirin
Fosfomycin
Antiinfectives
For: Chronic UTI, Adjunctive therapy in acute cystitis and pyelonephritis, Prophylaxis with urinary tract anatomical abnormalities and residual urine disorders.
MOA: Act specifically within the urinary tract to destroy bacteria.
* They act either through direct antibiotic effect or through acidification
AE: Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, bladder irritation, and dysuria. Vaginitis. Pruitus, urticaria, headache, dizziness, nervousness, and confusion
CI: Allergy
Caution: Renal dysfunction, Pregnancy and lactation
Oxybutynin
Urinary Tract Antispasmodics
For: bladder spasm, dysuria
MOA: Blocking parasympathetic activity. Relaxing the detrusor and other urinary tract muscles; inhibits Ach at muscarinic receptors
* Block the spasms of urinary tract muscles caused by various conditions
AE: Related to blocking of the parasympathetic system; Decreased sweating, dry mough, nausea, drowsiness, blurry vision, urinary retention, tachycardia
CI: Allergy, Pyloric or duodenal obstruction, Recent surgery, Obstructive urinary tract problems, Glaucoma, myasthenia gravis, or acute hemorrhage
* Caution: Renal or hepatic dysfunction, Pregnancy and lactation
Drug: Phenothiazines, Haloperidol
Phenazopyridine
Urinary Tract Analgesia
For: Pain involving the urinary tract can be very uncomfortable and lead to urinary retention and increased risk of infection
* Relieve symptoms related to urinary tract irritation from infection, trauma, or surgery
MOA: When phenazopyridine is excreted in urine, it exerts a direct topical analgesic effect on the urinary mucosa
AE: GI upset, headache, rash, reddish-orange coloring of the urine and staining of contact lenses
* Renal and hepatic toxicity
CI: Allergy, renal dysfunction
Caution: Pregnancy and lactation
Drug: antibacterial agents
Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium
Bladder Protectant
For: Used to coat or adhere to the bladder mucosal wall and protect it from irritation related to solutes in urine.
* Interstitial Cystitis
MOA: Heparin-like compound that has anticoagulant and fibrinolytic effects.
* Adheres to the bladder wall mucosal membranes and acts as a buffer to control cell permeability, preventing irritating solutes in the urine from reaching the bladder wall cells
AE: Bleeding that may progress to hemorrhage, Headache, alopecia, GI disturbances
CI: Condition that involve a risk of bleeding, Heparin induced thrombocytopenia
Caution: Hepatic or splenic dysfunction, Pregnancy or lactation
Drug: Anticoagulants, aspirin, or NSAIDs
Finasteride
Drugs that Block Testosterine Production
For: benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and male pattern hair loss, also called androgenetic alopecia
MOA: blocks the action of an enzyme called 5-alpha-reductase. This enzyme changes testosterone to another hormone that causes the prostate to grow or hair loss in males. It will increase testosterone levels in the body, which decreases prostate size and increases hair growth on the scalp.
