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Neuropharmacology > Exam 3 Material > Flashcards

Exam 3 Material Flashcards

1
Q

What is pain?

A

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience which we primarily associate with tissue damage or describe in terms of tissue damage (or both)

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2
Q

The inability to communicate _____ does not negate the possibility that an individual is experiencing ___ and is in need of appropriate treatment.

A

verbally; pain

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3
Q

Define transduction in relation to pain.

A

noxious stimuli are converted to electrical signals in sensory nerve endings

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4
Q

Define transmission in relation to pain.

A

neural event which relay the information from the periphery to the cortex

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5
Q

Define modulation in relation to pain.

A

the nervous system can selectively inhibit the transmission of pain signal

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6
Q

Define perception in relation to pain.

A

subjective interpretation by the cortex of the noxious stimulus

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7
Q

What types of components make up perception of pain?

A

a sensory component and an affective component

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8
Q

What is the pain detection threshold?

A

a property of the sensory system and highly reproducible in individuals

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9
Q

What is pain tolerance?

A

highly variable among individuals; dependent on affective component

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10
Q

Ascending pain system ____ information from ____ _____ to brain.

A

transmits; nerve endings

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11
Q

Descending pain system allows the ____ to modulate incoming information by sending projections to the ____ _____.

A

brain; spinal cord

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12
Q

What are areas of pain in the cortex?

A

insula; acc; thalamus; somatosensory cortex

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13
Q

What is the DRG (dorsal root ganglion) made of?

A

thousands of cell bodies

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14
Q

Where is the DRG located?

A

on each side of the spinal cord at each spinal level

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15
Q

Afferent fibers synapse in the ___ ____ and project up separate pathways to the brain: one pathway is for the _____ ______ aspects of pain and the other is for ____ aspects of pain.

A

dorsal horn; sensory discriminative; emotional

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16
Q

Trigeminal has 3 branches: _____, ______ and _______.

A

opthalamic, maxillary and mandibular

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17
Q

Where does the trigeminal nerve send projections to?

A

throughout the brainstem

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18
Q

Where do touch sensing neurons in trigeminal nerve project to?

A

the main trigeminal sensory nucleus

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19
Q

Pain sensing neurons project to the ______ trigeminal nucles.

A

spinal (aka spinal nucleus of V)

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20
Q

Proprioceptive neurons project to the ______ trigeminal nucleus.

A

mesencephalic

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21
Q

Cells that release a hormone into the circulating blood in response to a neural stimulus are called _______ ______.

A

neuroendocrine cells

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22
Q

What kinds of hormones to neuroendocrine cells release?

A

amines, specialized amino acids or peptides

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23
Q

A large source of neuroendocrine cells can be found in the CNS region called the ______.

A

hypothalamus

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24
Q

What body functions does the hypothalamus play a role in regulating? (6)

A 
1-temperature regulation
2- water/salt balance
3- responses to stress
4- food intake
5- sleep
6- reproductive system
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25
Q

The neuroendocrine cells of the hypothalamus can release _____ into the blood stream to the _____ _____ where they modulate endocrine cells

A

hormones; anterior pituitary

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26
Q

Where do anterior pituitary endocrine cells release hormones to?

A

the general circulation

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27
Q

What is released from the posterior pituitary?

A

oxytocin and vasopressin

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28
Q

Does the hypothalamus have a direct connection to the posterior pituitary?

A

yes

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29
Q

Name four of the five hypothalamic hormones that signal the anterior pituitary.

A 
1- CRH
2- TRH
3- GnRH
4- GHRH
5- PRH
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30
Q

What is the target of CRH?

A

ACTH

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31
Q

What is the garget of TRH?

A

TSH

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32
Q

What is the target of GnRH?

A

FSH and LH

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33
Q

What is the target of GHRH?

A

GH

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34
Q

What is the target of PRH?

A

PL

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35
Q

What is the target of ACTH?

A

adrenal gland

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36
Q

What is the target of beta-endorphin?

A

opioid receptor

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37
Q

What is the target of TSH?

A

thyroid gland

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38
Q

What is the target of FSH?

A

gonads

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39
Q

What is the target of LH?

A

gonads

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40
Q

What is the target of GH or STH?

A

liver and adipose tissue

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41
Q

What is the target of PL?

A

ovaries, mammary glands

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42
Q

What is the effect of ACTH?

A

secretion of glucocorticoid

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43
Q

What is the effect of beta-endoprhin?

A

inhibit pain

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44
Q

What is the effect of TSH?

A

secretion of thyroid hormones

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45
Q

What is the effect of FSH?

A

growth of reproductive system

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46
Q

What is the effect of LH?

A

sex hormone production

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47
Q

What is the effect of GH or STH?

A

promotes growth; lip and carbohydrate metabolism

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48
Q

What is the effect of PL?

A

secretion of estrogens/progesterone; milk production

49
Q

What is the target of oxytocin?

A

uterus, mammary glands

50
Q

What is the effect of oxytocin?

A

increase contractions, milk ejection

51
Q

What is the target of vasopressin?

A

kidney tubules, arterioles

52
Q

What is the effect of vasopressin?

A

increase H2O reabsorption and vasoconstriction

53
Q

TRH released from _____ stimulates the release of _____ from anterior pituitary.

A

hypothalamus; TSH

54
Q

TSH acts of Gs-coupled GPCRs in ______ to promote the release of ___ and ____.

A

thyroid; T3 and T4

55
Q

T3 and T4 act via nuclear receptors to modulate _____ _____.

A

gene transcription

56
Q

GNRH from the hypothalamus promotes the release of ____ and _____ from the anterior pituitary.

A

FSH, LH

57
Q

FSH and LH act on the testes or ovaries to contribute to maturation of sperm/eggs and to synthesize the release of ______ and ______.

A

testosterone; estrogen

58
Q

Testosterone/estrogen can inhibit production of both _____ from the hypothalamus and ___ from pituitary via feedback inhibition.

A

GnRH; LH

59
Q

What acts as an agonist and desensitizes GnRH receptors?

A

leuprolide

60
Q

What is leuprolide used for?

A

to suppress overproduction of testosterone/estrogen for cancer therapy

61
Q

What does dopamine released from the hypothalamus inhibit the release of from the pituitary?

A

prolactin

62
Q

How is prolactin mediated?

A

via D2 receptors

63
Q

Dopamine agonists have what impact on prolactin?

A

they inhibit the release of

64
Q

What types of medications can increase the release of prolactin?

A

D2 blockers (antipsychotics)

65
Q

What impact on prolactin do dopamine antagonists have?

A

they increase the release of prolactin

66
Q

Name the six peptides that increase feeding?

A 
1- ghrelin
2- NPY
3- ARP
4- orexin
5- MCH
6- gulanin
67
Q

What are the major peptides that decrease feeding?

A

1- leptin
2- CRH
3- CCK
4- insulin

68
Q

Myelination or no?
1- Alpha beta fibers
2- Alpha delta fibers
3- C fibers

A

1- yes
2- yes
3- no

69
Q

Conduction speed?
1- Alpha beta fibers
2- Alpha delta fibers
3- C fibers

A

1- very fast
2- fast
3- slow

70
Q

What do they convey?
1- Alpha beta fibers
2- Alpha delta fibers
3- C fibers

A

1- light touch, vibration
2- pricking pain, cold, thermal
3- burning, aching pain, high threshold for thermal

71
Q

Which fibers convey first pain?

A

A delta

72
Q

Which fibers convey second pain?

A

C fibers

73
Q

Nociceptors within the DRG or TG respond to noxious _____ or ____ for example but not to non-noxious ______ force.

A

pinprick; pinch; mechanical

74
Q

Some nociceptive afferents are termed ______ since they respond to multiple modes of stimulation.

A

polymodal

75
Q

Sensory afferents for _____ and ____ have specialized receptors at the nerve endings that detect specific stimuli.

A

temperature; pain

76
Q

What effect do P2X receptors have on neurons?

A

excitatory and depolarizing

77
Q

What kind of channel are P2X receptors?

A

non-selective: Na+, K+, Ca++

78
Q

What activates P2X channels?

A

ATP

79
Q

What are acid-sensing ion channels activated by?

A

H+

80
Q

ASICs contribute to perception of ______ in conditions associated with tissue acidosis, ____, _____, tumors and lesions.

A

pain; ischemia; inflammation

81
Q

ASICs may also contribute to neuronal damage after _____ due to _____.

A

strokes; ischemia

82
Q

ASIC3 and ASIC1 are the most important ASICs in the ____ and the ___, respectively.

A

PNS; CNS

83
Q

ASIC3 activity is up-regulated by activators of the ____ pathway released during inflammation.

A

PKC

84
Q

Peripheral inflammation also increases the ASIC transcript levels in ____ and ___ _____.

A

DRG; spinal cord

85
Q

How many ASICs are there?

A

four kinds

86
Q

What does pH.5 compare to?

A

EC50

87
Q

What is a result of inflammatory response that would activate ASICs?

A

the pH goes down

88
Q

What is the major function of an ASIC channel?

A

it integrates a lot of things

89
Q

What is a major characteristic of TRP channels?

A

they are temperature sensitive

90
Q

What is unique about TRP channels when compared to other ligand gated ion channels?

A

the binding site is intracellular

91
Q

What is the ligand for TRP channels?

A

they’re not sure but lipids are suspected since anandimide can activate it

92
Q

What temp range and foods activate TRPA1?

A

10-20C; garlic, cinammon, etc and lots of foods

93
Q

What temp range and foods activate TRPM8?

A

15-20 C; mint

94
Q

What temp range and foods activate TRPV4?

A

25-30C; no food listed

95
Q

What temp range and foods activate TRPV3?

A

30-40C; camphor

96
Q

What temp range and foods activate TRPV1?

A

40-45C; chilli and camphor

97
Q

What temp range and foods activate TRPV2?

A

50+C; no food listed

98
Q

Which TRP receptors are most likely to sense for heat?

A

TRP Vs

99
Q

Which TRP receptors are likely to sense for pH/reactive chemicals?

A

TRP_1

100
Q

pain 30

A

pain 30

101
Q

Where is serotonin synthesized?

A

raphe nuclei of the midbrain

102
Q

What four processes do serotonin circuits influence?

A

1- arousal
2- sensory processing
3- mood
4- emotion

103
Q

Tryptophan –> _____ –> serotonin –> N-acetyl serotonin –> _____

A

5-HTP; melatonin

104
Q

What acts on tryptophan to convert it to 5-HTP?

A

tryptophan hydroxylase

105
Q

What acts on 5-HTP to convert it to serotonin?

A

L-AADC

106
Q

What acts on serotonin to convert it to N-ac serotonin?

A

5HT-N acetylase

107
Q

What degrades serotonin?

A

MAO or Aldehyde dehydrogenase

108
Q

Where is over 90% of 5-HT found in the body?

A

GI tract

109
Q

Where is 5-HT found in the body?

A

Brain, spinal cord, liver, bones, platelets, GI tract

110
Q

Approximately how many types and subtypes of serotonin receptors are there?

A

at least 15

111
Q

which serotonin receptor plays a role in anxiety/depression?

A

5HT1A

112
Q

which serotonin receptor plays a role in migraine?

A

5HT1D

113
Q

Which serotonin receptor plays a role in nausea and vomiting?

A

5HT3

114
Q

What makes the 5HT3 receptors unique among MAO receptors?

A

it a family of ligand-gated ion channels

115
Q

What four families of serotonin receptors are there?

A

channel linked
g protein coupled
kinase-linked
intracellular

116
Q

What is the function of Gs stimulatory serotonin channels?

A

activates Ca channels, activates adenylyl cyclase

117
Q

What is the function of Gi inhibitory serotonin channels?

A

activates K channels, inhibits adenylyl cyclase

118
Q

What is the function of Gq serotonin channels?

A

activates phospholipase c

119
Q

What is the function of Go serotonin channels?

A

inhibits Ca channels

Neuropharmacology (3 decks)

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