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Pharm > Exam 3 Lounsbury Core Concepts > Flashcards

Exam 3 Lounsbury Core Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Define Solutions

A

homogenous mixture of two or more components that form a one phase system which is homogenous down to the molecular level

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2
Q

Define Oral

A

Liquid preparations intended for oral administration. Contain one or more active ingredients and inactive excipients

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3
Q

Otic (solution) use

A

Administered in small volumes for treating ear ailments

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4
Q

Common ingredients in Otic (solution)

A

Dehumidifying agents (such as isopropyl alcohol), Glycerin propylene glycol 300 or 400

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5
Q

Otic (solution) is used in?

A

Antipyrine and benzocaine otic solutions

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6
Q

Ophthalmic

A

Sterile preparations intended for application to the conjunctiva, conjunctival sac, or eyelids.

(Common categories of ophthalmic liquids are eye drops and irrigation solutions)

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7
Q

Ophthalmic common ingredients

A

Water and Boric Acid solution

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8
Q

Nasal Solutions

A

Most are administered as nasal drops or sprays for local and systemic purposes

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9
Q

Simple Syrup

A

Concentrated aqueous solutions of sugar or sugar substitutes intended for oral administration of bitter-tasting drugs

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10
Q

Enemas

A

Oily or aqueous solutions that are administered rectally

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11
Q

Elixirs

A

Clear, hydro-alcoholic (5%-40% v/v) solutions intended for oral use they may contain sweeteners, flavors and colorants

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12
Q

Gargles

A

Antiseptics, antibiotics, or anesthetic, intended to relieve or treat sore throats

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13
Q

Mouthwashes

A

Concentrated aqueous solutions containing one or more active ingredients and excipients

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14
Q

Tinctures

A

Alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or from chemical substances

(Contain alcohol in amounts ranging approximately 15%-80%)
(Vary in method of preparation, strength of active ingredients alcoholic content, ad intended use)

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15
Q

Liniments

A

Liquid preparation intended to be rubbed with friction and massaged onto the skin to obtain analgesic, rubefacient or generally stimulating effects

(Not to be used on broken skin)
(Usually solutions of oils, alcohols or soaps, but may be formulated as emulsions)

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16
Q

Advantages of solutions as dosage forms

A
  • Solution state facilitates absorption
  • Physicochemically uniform
  • Fluidity
  • Have eye appeal
  • As liquids, dose adjustment afforded
  • As liquids, solutions swallowed easily
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17
Q

Disadvantages of solutions as dosage forms

A
  • More prone to chemical instability
  • More prone to microbial contamination
  • As liquids, solutions are bulky
  • As liquids, dosing precision is lost
  • As liquids, difficult to hold in place
  • As oral liquids, often not palatable
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18
Q

What solvents are used to prepare solutions

A
  • Water distilled (main solvent)
  • Alcohol (primary co solvent)
  • Diluted alcohol (50% water 50% alcohol)
  • Rubbing alcohol (ethyl alcohol 70%) infused with ingredients with bitter taste to discourage ingestion
  • Glycerin (sweet viscous vehicle)
  • Propylene glycol (miscible with water, alcohol, polyethylene glycol 400)
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19
Q

What other ingredients are added in solutions

A
  • Solubilizers
  • Buffers
  • Preservatives
  • Viscosity Enhancers
  • Antioxidants
  • Chelating Agents
  • Sweeteners, flavoring agents, and coloring agents
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20
Q

Solubilizers function

A

Used when the active ingredient dose is large relative to its aqueous solubility

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21
Q

Buffers

A

Use: employed to control the pH
Examples: acetates, citrates, and phosphate

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22
Q

Preservatives

A

Chemical compounds that are added to formulations to protect them from microbial contamination

Examples: benzoic acid and salts, sorbic acid and salts and parabens

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23
Q

Viscosity Enhanchers

A

Viscosity ensures accurate measurement of the volume to be dispensed and increases palatability

Examples: Hydrophilic polymers (cellulose derivatives such carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)) and natural gums (ex..sodium alginate)

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24
Q

Antioxidants

A

Compounds that inhibit oxidation

Examples: potassium and sodium metabisulfite

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25
Q

Chelating Agents

A

Interfere with oxidative processes by binding metallic ions

Examples: disodium edetate and edetic acid (EDTA)

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26
Q

Sweeteners, flavoring agents, and coloring agents

A

Added to enhance the palatability and appearance of solutions

Examples: sucrose, sorbitol

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27
Q

Replaces sugars in formulations for children and patients who are diabetic

A

Artificial Sweeteners

28
Q

Flavoring Agents

A

Mask the unpleasant taste of drugs

29
Q

Coloring Agents

A

Added to impart preferred color to the formulation

30
Q

Preparing solutions

A

Most are prepared by dissolving solid solutes (active and inactive) in the solvent or solvent mixture

31
Q

What happens if more than one solid needs to be dissolved

A

They are dissolved one-by-one, in order of their solubility (least soluble first)

32
Q

Preparing complex solutions

A
  • Organic components are dissolved in alcoholic solvents and water-soluble components dissolved in aqueous solvents
  • Then, aqueous solutions are added to alcoholic solutions with stirring to maintain the alcohol concentration as high as possible
33
Q

Aiding dissolution (Size reduction of solids)

A

increase their surface areas which speeds up the process of solution

34
Q

Aiding dissolution (solute is more soluble at elevated temperatures)

A

apply heat to the vessel, particularly if the dissolution rate is normally slow

35
Q

Aiding dissolution (high-viscosity liquid components)

A

should be added to those of lower viscosity

36
Q

Aiding dissolution (completely dissolve salts)

A

in a small amount of water prior to the addition of other solvents

37
Q

Aiding dissolution (solutes present in low concentrations)

A

particularly dyes, are often pre-dissolved in a small volume of the solvent and then added to the bulk

38
Q

Aiding dissolution (volatile materials such as flavors and perfumes)

A

where possible, added at the end of a process and after cooling of the mixture, to reduce loss by evaporation

39
Q

Simple syrup NF? contents?

A

-Concentrated sugar solutions (ex..Syrup NF) are hyperosmolar and resistant to the growth of microorganisms

40
Q

Solvents used to prepare ophthalmic solutions

A

Water for injection (WFI) most widely used

Other vehicles include boric acid solution (ph 5.0)

41
Q

Sterile Dosage Forms

A
  • Small and large volume injectable preparations
  • Irrigation fluids (intended to bathe body wounds or surgical openings)
  • Dialysis solutions
  • Biological preparations (vaccine, toxoids, and antitoxins)
42
Q

Common Characteristic — Sterility

A

Free from contaminating microorganisms

Essential because they are placed in direct contact with the internal body fluids or tissues, where infection can easily arise

43
Q

Pyrogens (bacterial endotoxins)

A

Organic metabolic products shed from gram-negative bacteria

Can cause fever and hypotension - in excessive amounts in injections

44
Q

Dehydrogenation

A

Commonly done by the means of oxidizing pyrogens

45
Q

How are pyrogens eliminated

A

The oxidized pyrogens are eliminated as gases or nonvolatile solids

Separated from water by fractional distilllation

46
Q

4 common parental injection routes

A
  • Vein
  • Muscle (intramuscular)
  • Into the skin (Intra dermal)
  • Under the skin (Subcutaneous sc)
47
Q

Veins route

A

used for both small and large volumes of drug solutions to be admin and the drugs for this are normally in an aqueous solution

48
Q

Muscle (intramuscular) route

A

Deep into the skeletal muscle and far from major nerve and blood vessels, less paid on set but last longer or oleaginous solutions or suspensions

49
Q

Into the skin (intra dermal) route

A

used doe agents for diagnostics desensitization or immunization. (usually about 0.1 mL dose)

50
Q

Under the skin (Subcutaneous sc) route

A

used for small amount of medication admin max injection volume is 1.3 mL

51
Q

Bacteriostatic water for injection

A

less then 1 antimicrobial for small volume

52
Q

Sodium chloride injection

A

isotonic just NaCl

53
Q

Bacteriostatic sodium chloride injection

A

isotonic NaCl with less than 1 antimicrobial agent

54
Q

Ringer injection

A

sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and potassium chloride; isotonic

55
Q

Lactated ringer injection

A

ringer injection sodium plus sodium lactate

56
Q

Injection

A

Liquid preparations that are drug substances or solutions (ex.. Insulin Injection, USP)

57
Q

For Injection

A

Dry solids that, upon addition of suitable vehicles, yield solutions conforming in all respects to the requirements for injections (ex..Cefuroxime for injection, USP)

58
Q

Injectable emulsion

A

Liquid preparation of drug substance dissolved or dispersed in a suitable emulsion medium (ex..Propofol, USP)

59
Q

Injectable Suspension

A

Liquid preparation of solid suspended in a suitable liquid medium

60
Q

When are non-aqueous solvents used to prepare parenteral

A

a drug to be dissolved is either: water-insoluble and susceptible to hydrolysis

61
Q

What must non-aqueous solvents used to prepare parenteral

A
  • Nonirritating
  • Non toxic in the amounts administered
  • Not sensitizing
  • Pharmacologically inactive
62
Q

physiochemically, they must

A
  • be stable at various pH ranges
  • maintain fluidity in a wide temperature range
  • have a high boiling point (to permit heat sterilization)
  • be miscible with body fluids
  • be easy to purify
63
Q

Common examples of non-aqueous vehicles for parenteral

A
  • Fixed vegetable oils
  • Co-solvents
  • Less commonly used agents
64
Q

Fixed vegetable oils

A

Non-volatile oils obtained from vegetable sources

65
Q

Co-Solvents

A

Alcohol, glycerin, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 400

66
Q

Less commonly used agents

A

Ethly oleate, isopropyl myristate, dimethyl acetamide

67
Q

What are the 5 sterilization methods

A
  • Steam
  • Dry
  • Irradiation
  • Gas
  • Filtration

Pharm (1 decks)

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