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Exam 3 Lounsbury Core Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Define Solutions

A

homogenous mixture of two or more components that form a one phase system which is homogenous down to the molecular level

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2
Q

Define Oral

A

Liquid preparations intended for oral administration. Contain one or more active ingredients and inactive excipients

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3
Q

Otic (solution) use

A

Administered in small volumes for treating ear ailments

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4
Q

Common ingredients in Otic (solution)

A

Dehumidifying agents (such as isopropyl alcohol), Glycerin propylene glycol 300 or 400

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5
Q

Otic (solution) is used in?

A

Antipyrine and benzocaine otic solutions

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6
Q

Ophthalmic

A

Sterile preparations intended for application to the conjunctiva, conjunctival sac, or eyelids.

(Common categories of ophthalmic liquids are eye drops and irrigation solutions)

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7
Q

Ophthalmic common ingredients

A

Water and Boric Acid solution

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8
Q

Nasal Solutions

A

Most are administered as nasal drops or sprays for local and systemic purposes

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9
Q

Simple Syrup

A

Concentrated aqueous solutions of sugar or sugar substitutes intended for oral administration of bitter-tasting drugs

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10
Q

Enemas

A

Oily or aqueous solutions that are administered rectally

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11
Q

Elixirs

A

Clear, hydro-alcoholic (5%-40% v/v) solutions intended for oral use they may contain sweeteners, flavors and colorants

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12
Q

Gargles

A

Antiseptics, antibiotics, or anesthetic, intended to relieve or treat sore throats

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13
Q

Mouthwashes

A

Concentrated aqueous solutions containing one or more active ingredients and excipients

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14
Q

Tinctures

A

Alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or from chemical substances

(Contain alcohol in amounts ranging approximately 15%-80%)
(Vary in method of preparation, strength of active ingredients alcoholic content, ad intended use)

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15
Q

Liniments

A

Liquid preparation intended to be rubbed with friction and massaged onto the skin to obtain analgesic, rubefacient or generally stimulating effects

(Not to be used on broken skin)
(Usually solutions of oils, alcohols or soaps, but may be formulated as emulsions)

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16
Q

Advantages of solutions as dosage forms

A
  • Solution state facilitates absorption
  • Physicochemically uniform
  • Fluidity
  • Have eye appeal
  • As liquids, dose adjustment afforded
  • As liquids, solutions swallowed easily
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17
Q

Disadvantages of solutions as dosage forms

A
  • More prone to chemical instability
  • More prone to microbial contamination
  • As liquids, solutions are bulky
  • As liquids, dosing precision is lost
  • As liquids, difficult to hold in place
  • As oral liquids, often not palatable
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18
Q

What solvents are used to prepare solutions

A
  • Water distilled (main solvent)
  • Alcohol (primary co solvent)
  • Diluted alcohol (50% water 50% alcohol)
  • Rubbing alcohol (ethyl alcohol 70%) infused with ingredients with bitter taste to discourage ingestion
  • Glycerin (sweet viscous vehicle)
  • Propylene glycol (miscible with water, alcohol, polyethylene glycol 400)
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19
Q

What other ingredients are added in solutions

A
  • Solubilizers
  • Buffers
  • Preservatives
  • Viscosity Enhancers
  • Antioxidants
  • Chelating Agents
  • Sweeteners, flavoring agents, and coloring agents
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20
Q

Solubilizers function

A

Used when the active ingredient dose is large relative to its aqueous solubility

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21
Q

Buffers

A

Use: employed to control the pH
Examples: acetates, citrates, and phosphate

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22
Q

Preservatives

A

Chemical compounds that are added to formulations to protect them from microbial contamination

Examples: benzoic acid and salts, sorbic acid and salts and parabens

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23
Q

Viscosity Enhanchers

A

Viscosity ensures accurate measurement of the volume to be dispensed and increases palatability

Examples: Hydrophilic polymers (cellulose derivatives such carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)) and natural gums (ex..sodium alginate)

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24
Q

Antioxidants

A

Compounds that inhibit oxidation

Examples: potassium and sodium metabisulfite

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25
Chelating Agents
Interfere with oxidative processes by binding metallic ions | Examples: disodium edetate and edetic acid (EDTA)
26
Sweeteners, flavoring agents, and coloring agents
Added to enhance the palatability and appearance of solutions Examples: sucrose, sorbitol
27
Replaces sugars in formulations for children and patients who are diabetic
Artificial Sweeteners
28
Flavoring Agents
Mask the unpleasant taste of drugs
29
Coloring Agents
Added to impart preferred color to the formulation
30
Preparing solutions
Most are prepared by dissolving solid solutes (active and inactive) in the solvent or solvent mixture
31
What happens if more than one solid needs to be dissolved
They are dissolved one-by-one, in order of their solubility (least soluble first)
32
Preparing complex solutions
- Organic components are dissolved in alcoholic solvents and water-soluble components dissolved in aqueous solvents - Then, aqueous solutions are added to alcoholic solutions with stirring to maintain the alcohol concentration as high as possible
33
Aiding dissolution (Size reduction of solids)
increase their surface areas which speeds up the process of solution
34
Aiding dissolution (solute is more soluble at elevated temperatures)
apply heat to the vessel, particularly if the dissolution rate is normally slow
35
Aiding dissolution (high-viscosity liquid components)
should be added to those of lower viscosity
36
Aiding dissolution (completely dissolve salts)
in a small amount of water prior to the addition of other solvents
37
Aiding dissolution (solutes present in low concentrations)
particularly dyes, are often pre-dissolved in a small volume of the solvent and then added to the bulk
38
Aiding dissolution (volatile materials such as flavors and perfumes)
where possible, added at the end of a process and after cooling of the mixture, to reduce loss by evaporation
39
Simple syrup NF? contents?
-Concentrated sugar solutions (ex..Syrup NF) are hyperosmolar and resistant to the growth of microorganisms
40
Solvents used to prepare ophthalmic solutions
Water for injection (WFI) most widely used Other vehicles include boric acid solution (ph 5.0)
41
Sterile Dosage Forms
- Small and large volume injectable preparations - Irrigation fluids (intended to bathe body wounds or surgical openings) - Dialysis solutions - Biological preparations (vaccine, toxoids, and antitoxins)
42
Common Characteristic — Sterility
Free from contaminating microorganisms Essential because they are placed in direct contact with the internal body fluids or tissues, where infection can easily arise
43
Pyrogens (bacterial endotoxins)
Organic metabolic products shed from gram-negative bacteria | Can cause fever and hypotension - in excessive amounts in injections
44
Dehydrogenation
Commonly done by the means of oxidizing pyrogens
45
How are pyrogens eliminated
The oxidized pyrogens are eliminated as gases or nonvolatile solids Separated from water by fractional distilllation
46
4 common parental injection routes
- Vein - Muscle (intramuscular) - Into the skin (Intra dermal) - Under the skin (Subcutaneous sc)
47
Veins route
used for both small and large volumes of drug solutions to be admin and the drugs for this are normally in an aqueous solution
48
Muscle (intramuscular) route
Deep into the skeletal muscle and far from major nerve and blood vessels, less paid on set but last longer or oleaginous solutions or suspensions
49
Into the skin (intra dermal) route
used doe agents for diagnostics desensitization or immunization. (usually about 0.1 mL dose)
50
Under the skin (Subcutaneous sc) route
used for small amount of medication admin max injection volume is 1.3 mL
51
Bacteriostatic water for injection
less then 1 antimicrobial for small volume
52
Sodium chloride injection
isotonic just NaCl
53
Bacteriostatic sodium chloride injection
isotonic NaCl with less than 1 antimicrobial agent
54
Ringer injection
sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and potassium chloride; isotonic
55
Lactated ringer injection
ringer injection sodium plus sodium lactate
56
Injection
Liquid preparations that are drug substances or solutions (ex.. Insulin Injection, USP)
57
For Injection
Dry solids that, upon addition of suitable vehicles, yield solutions conforming in all respects to the requirements for injections (ex..Cefuroxime for injection, USP)
58
Injectable emulsion
Liquid preparation of drug substance dissolved or dispersed in a suitable emulsion medium (ex..Propofol, USP)
59
Injectable Suspension
Liquid preparation of solid suspended in a suitable liquid medium
60
When are non-aqueous solvents used to prepare parenteral
a drug to be dissolved is either: water-insoluble and susceptible to hydrolysis
61
What must non-aqueous solvents used to prepare parenteral
- Nonirritating - Non toxic in the amounts administered - Not sensitizing - Pharmacologically inactive
62
physiochemically, they must
- be stable at various pH ranges - maintain fluidity in a wide temperature range - have a high boiling point (to permit heat sterilization) - be miscible with body fluids - be easy to purify
63
Common examples of non-aqueous vehicles for parenteral
- Fixed vegetable oils - Co-solvents - Less commonly used agents
64
Fixed vegetable oils
Non-volatile oils obtained from vegetable sources
65
Co-Solvents
Alcohol, glycerin, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 400
66
Less commonly used agents
Ethly oleate, isopropyl myristate, dimethyl acetamide
67
What are the 5 sterilization methods
- Steam - Dry - Irradiation - Gas - Filtration

Pharm (1 decks)

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