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Human Physiology > Exam 3 Lesson Review questions > Flashcards

Exam 3 Lesson Review questions Flashcards

1
Q

•What are two hormones released from the posterior pituitary and what are their actions?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH or Vasopressin)- Water balance and osmolarity.

Oxytocin- milk ejection

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2
Q

•What are 5 major characteristics of the endocrine system?

A
  1. Endocrine glands are derived from epithelial tissue
  2. Released chemicals/hormones signals
  3. Hormones are secreted by a cell or group of cells into the blood
  4. Hormones are transported by blood
  5. Hormones act on distant target tissue receptors.
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3
Q

Define hormone, tropic hormone, and non-tropic hormone

A

Hormone: Physiological, organic substance produced by a specialized cells that realizes into the circulatory system where they act on target tissue

Tropic Hormones-Act on another endocrine gland to stimulate the production sand reals of another hormones. Hormones that cause cells to release other hormones.

Non-tropic hormones-Act on a target tissue to produce a cell event (metabolism, cellular growth, or function)

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4
Q

Define and provide examples of lipid soluble (hydrophobic) and water soluble (hydrophilic) hormones.

A

Lipid Soluble (hydrophobic)

  • Lipid soluble hormones circulate bound to transport proteins.
  • Can pass though lipid bilayer
  • Bind to receptors in cytosol or nucleus
  • Alter gen transcription

Ex:

  • Steroid hormones
  • Thyroid Hormones
  • Nitric oxide

Water-Soluble

  • Water-soluble hormones circle freely in the plasma.
  • Cannot pass directly through a lipid bilayer
  • Bind to receptors on surface of membrane
  • Second messenger system, which alters activity of proteins (enzymes)

Ex:

-Amine Hormones

  • Peptide and protein hormones
  • Elcosanoid hormone
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5
Q

•How are hydrophobic and hydrophilic hormones transported in the blood?

A

Hydrophobic is a lipid soluble and is bound to carrier proteins.

Hydrophilic is water soluble- Dissolved in plasma.

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6
Q

•Where are hydrophobic and hydrophilic hormone receptors located?

A

Hydrophobic is bind to receptors within target cell.

Hydrophilic binds to receptors on the exterior surface of the target cell. (second messenger systems_

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7
Q

•Identify the primary endocrine organs.

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland
  • Pineal Gland
  • Thyroid Gland
  • Parathyroid Gland
  • Adrenal Gland
  • Pancreases
  • Gonads
  • Infundibulum
  • Portal system
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8
Q

•Describe the basic anatomy of the hypothalamus and pituitary.

A

Hypothalamus-is located in the brain
Pituitary gland- Located at the base of the hypothalamus which is divided into: Anterior Lobe
Posterior Lobe

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9
Q

•What are the 7 tropic hormones of the hypothalamus?

A

1.Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH) Effect +
2. Prolactin inhabiting hormone (dopamine) Effect -
3. Thyrotropin realizing hormone (TRH) Effect +
4. Corticotropin releasing Hormone (CRH) Effect +
Growth hormone realizing hormone (GHRH) Effect +
Growth hormone inhabiting hormone (GHIH) Effect -
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) Effect +

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10
Q

•What anterior pituitary hormone(s) does each hypothalamic hormone release/inhibit?

A
  • Prolactin does both
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone is releasing
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone releases
  • Growth hormone releases and inhibits
  • Follicle stimulating hormone( FSH)/ Lureinzing hormones (LH) releases.
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11
Q

•What are the 6 endocrine hormones of the anterior pituitary?

A
  • Prolactin
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Growth hormone
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)/
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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12
Q

Which of these hormones is non-tropic and which are tropic?

A
  • Prolactin is both
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) tropic effect
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Tropic effect
  • Growth hormone both
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Tropic effect/
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH) Tropic effect
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13
Q

What affect does each anterior pituitary hormone have on target tissue?

A
  • Prolactin- Mammary gland development/ milk secretion
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Secretion of thyroid hormone by thyroid gland
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Adrenal cortex
  • Growth hormone Growth and energy metabolism. secrete of insulin-like growth factors by liver.
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Development of sex cells.
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH) Secretion fo sex hormones and stimulation of ovulation .
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14
Q

What are two hormones released from the posterior pituitary and what are their actions?

A 
Antidiuretic Hormone ( ADH or vasopressin) -Water balance and osmolarity.
Oxytocin- Milk ejection.
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15
Q

What hormone is released from the pineal gland and what is its action?

A

Melatonin- May be involved in circadian rhythms, plays in important role in timing of seasonal processes in mammals.

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16
Q

What hormone(s) are released from the thyroid and parathyroid gland and what are their actions?

A

They regulate metabolism.
- T4: Tetraidodothyronine (thyroxin)
-T3: Tridthyronine
-Calcitonin- Regulates calcium levels in the blood and decreases Ca2+ in blood.
Parathyroid Gland
-Secretes Parathyroid hormone-
Regulated vacuum levels in the blood and increase Ca2+ in blood.

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17
Q

What hormone(s) are released from the adrenal gland and what are their actions?

A 
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) 
Regulates the body's response to stress.
Regulates sodium and potassium levels
Glucocorticoids- (cortisol)
Regulates the body's  response to stress. 
Regulates metabolism
Sex hormones (androgens) 
-Regulates reproduce function.
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18
Q

How is the release of endocrine hormones regulated?

A

It is done either directly by the endocrine gland or indirectly through the action of the hypothalamus of the brain. This then maintains levels.

19
Q

Define hyposecretion, hypersecretion, primary and secondary endocrine disorders.

A

Hypo-secretion- To little- type mellitus type 1
Hyper-secretion- to much. acromegaly
Primary- Endocrine disorder- Abnormality in the endocrine organ secreting the hormone
Secondary- Endocrine disorder. Abnormality in tropic hormone, hypothalamic tropic hormone, anterior pituitary tropic hormone.

20
Q

Is the endocrine classified as an intrinsic or extrinsic regulator of the human body?

A

We are Extrinsic classified for the human body.

21
Q

What is the overall function of the cardiovascular system?

A

-Transportation of nutrients and oxygen to all cells in body.
-Removal of wastes from all cells in body.
Blood in transported medium
Mechanism through which to get blood to pass by all cells in body.

22
Q

What are three major components of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Heart- Acts as a pump for blood
  • Blood Vessels- Passageways for blood.
  • Blood- Transport medium.
23
Q

Describe the general anatomy of the heart.

A
  • Size of clenched fist, located in chest cavity, midway between stream and backbone
  • Broad base at top of heart, tapers to the apex at the bottom
  • Top lies to right of sternum, apex in to left to sternum.
24
Q

How is the heart oriented?

A

The anterior aspect is the right ventricle while the posterior aspect shows the left atrium. Cardiac muscle called myocardium looks like striations similar to skeletal muscle.

25
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Just being the left of the breastbone.

26
Q

What are the different chambers and valves of the heart?

A

Upper chamber- Atrium
Lower chamber is ventricle
Right AV Valve is Tricuspid
Left AV Valve is Bicuspid
Aortic Valve- junction of left ventricle and aorta
Pulmonary value- junction of right ventricle and pulmonary artery.

27
Q

Describe the flow of blood through the heart

A

Blood enters through the top of the heart (SA NODE) Superior vena cava to the right atrium though the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve to the lungs and back to the heart to the pulmonary veins to the left atrium through the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle to the aortic valve to the aorta out to the body.

28
Q

In what way does the heart act as a dual pump?

A

It is divided into 2 halves separate by a mule wall. Right side receives blood from systemic circulation and pumps into pulmonary circulation so that the blood can be oxygenated.
Left side receives blood from pulmonary circulation and pumps into systemic circulation so that the rest of the body gets freshly oxygenated blood.

29
Q

Name and describe three major circulatory systems

A

Heart- Acts as a pump for blood
Blood vessels-Passageways for blood
Blood-Transport medium

30
Q

What are the major blood vessels supplying blood to the heart?

A

Veins- Return blood to the heart- Vena Cavae and Pulmonary veins

Arteries-Carry blood away from the heart.
Aorta and Pulmonary artery

31
Q

What keeps blood flowing in a fixed direction within the heart?

A

Valves that are 1 way. There are 4 of them.

32
Q

How are myocardial cells organized?

A

They are interlaced and arranged spirally around circumference of the heart.

33
Q

What are some major features of a myocardial cell that distinguish them from skeletal and smooth muscle cells?

A

Look

34
Q

What are 4 major components of blood?

A
  1. Plasma (Liquid portion of blood)
  2. Erythrocytes (Red blood cells)
  3. Leukocytes (White Blood cells)
  4. Platelets (involved in blood clotting.)
35
Q

What are the major characteristics of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins?

A

Arteries- Rapid transit pathways from heart to tissue; offer little resistance to flow. Pressure reservoir to provide driving force while the heart is relaxing.

Arterioles- are branch off of arteries in organs. Contain smooth muscle which can change the radius of the arteriole. Regulates blood pressure. Can distribute cardiac output among organs.

Capillaries- Site of exchange of materials between blood and tissue. Very thin walls.

Venule- A very small vein, especially on e collecting blood from the capillaries.

Veins-Low resistance passageways to return blood to heart.
Serve as capacitance (storage) vessels.
Have thin, stretchable but not elastic walls. Can distend to accommodate lots of blood. in resting conditions 60% of blood is in veins.

36
Q

How can the radius of an arteriole be adjusted?

A

Can variable distribute cardiac output amount organs.
Can regulate blood pressure
-Vasoconstriction- small radius.
-Vasodilation- larger radius.

37
Q

What effect does vasoconstriction and vasodilation of arterioles have on blood flow?

A

This is how we regulate blood pressure. Constriction is when the arteriole radius gets smaller.
Dilation is when the arteriole radius get bigger.

38
Q

What are the major intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of arteriole radius?

A

Intrinsic- Local Chemical and physical changes. Metabolic changes are local.

  • Increases metabolic demand.
  • Vasodilation and increased blood flow
  • Decreases metabolic demands
  • Vasoconstriction and decrease blood flow.
  • Histamine realizes from tissue damage or allergic reaction.
  • Temperature– Heat is vasodilation
  • -Cold is vasoconstriction

Extrinsic factors (neural or hormonal)
Sympathetic
-reduced blood flow to organs.

39
Q

What two factors impact blood flow?

A

Flow rate- Cardiac output
Pressure gradient- Blood pressure
Resistance- Friction and hindrance of blood flow.

40
Q

Define systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure?

A

Systolic-Larger number
Diastolic-smaller number.
arterial pressure= (systolic pressure + [2 x diastolic pressure])/3

41
Q

How is blood pressure measured?

A

F=P/R= Blood Pressure= Cardiac Output x Resistance.

42
Q

What is the baroreceptor reflex?

A

Controls two of the most important Aortic arch and carotid sinus. It helps determine blood pressure.

43
Q

How does this reflex regulate BP over the short term?

A 
reflex arch 
receptor 
afferent pathway 
integrating center (cardiovascular control in medulla) 
efferent pathway
44
Q

How is BP regulated over the long term?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. Barorecflex stabilized the pressure with MAP

Human Physiology (2 decks)

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