Exam 3 Lesson Review questions Flashcards
•What are two hormones released from the posterior pituitary and what are their actions?
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH or Vasopressin)- Water balance and osmolarity.
Oxytocin- milk ejection
•What are 5 major characteristics of the endocrine system?
- Endocrine glands are derived from epithelial tissue
- Released chemicals/hormones signals
- Hormones are secreted by a cell or group of cells into the blood
- Hormones are transported by blood
- Hormones act on distant target tissue receptors.
Define hormone, tropic hormone, and non-tropic hormone
Hormone: Physiological, organic substance produced by a specialized cells that realizes into the circulatory system where they act on target tissue
Tropic Hormones-Act on another endocrine gland to stimulate the production sand reals of another hormones. Hormones that cause cells to release other hormones.
Non-tropic hormones-Act on a target tissue to produce a cell event (metabolism, cellular growth, or function)
Define and provide examples of lipid soluble (hydrophobic) and water soluble (hydrophilic) hormones.
Lipid Soluble (hydrophobic)
- Lipid soluble hormones circulate bound to transport proteins.
- Can pass though lipid bilayer
- Bind to receptors in cytosol or nucleus
- Alter gen transcription
Ex:
- Steroid hormones
- Thyroid Hormones
- Nitric oxide
Water-Soluble
- Water-soluble hormones circle freely in the plasma.
- Cannot pass directly through a lipid bilayer
- Bind to receptors on surface of membrane
- Second messenger system, which alters activity of proteins (enzymes)
Ex:
-Amine Hormones
- Peptide and protein hormones
- Elcosanoid hormone
•How are hydrophobic and hydrophilic hormones transported in the blood?
Hydrophobic is a lipid soluble and is bound to carrier proteins.
Hydrophilic is water soluble- Dissolved in plasma.
•Where are hydrophobic and hydrophilic hormone receptors located?
Hydrophobic is bind to receptors within target cell.
Hydrophilic binds to receptors on the exterior surface of the target cell. (second messenger systems_
•Identify the primary endocrine organs.
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary gland
- Pineal Gland
- Thyroid Gland
- Parathyroid Gland
- Adrenal Gland
- Pancreases
- Gonads
- Infundibulum
- Portal system
•Describe the basic anatomy of the hypothalamus and pituitary.
Hypothalamus-is located in the brain
Pituitary gland- Located at the base of the hypothalamus which is divided into: Anterior Lobe
Posterior Lobe
•What are the 7 tropic hormones of the hypothalamus?
1.Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH) Effect +
2. Prolactin inhabiting hormone (dopamine) Effect -
3. Thyrotropin realizing hormone (TRH) Effect +
4. Corticotropin releasing Hormone (CRH) Effect +
Growth hormone realizing hormone (GHRH) Effect +
Growth hormone inhabiting hormone (GHIH) Effect -
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) Effect +
•What anterior pituitary hormone(s) does each hypothalamic hormone release/inhibit?
- Prolactin does both
- Thyroid stimulating hormone is releasing
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone releases
- Growth hormone releases and inhibits
- Follicle stimulating hormone( FSH)/ Lureinzing hormones (LH) releases.
•What are the 6 endocrine hormones of the anterior pituitary?
- Prolactin
- Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Growth hormone
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)/
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Which of these hormones is non-tropic and which are tropic?
- Prolactin is both
- Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) tropic effect
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Tropic effect
- Growth hormone both
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Tropic effect/
- Luteinizing hormone (LH) Tropic effect
What affect does each anterior pituitary hormone have on target tissue?
- Prolactin- Mammary gland development/ milk secretion
- Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Secretion of thyroid hormone by thyroid gland
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Adrenal cortex
- Growth hormone Growth and energy metabolism. secrete of insulin-like growth factors by liver.
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Development of sex cells.
- Luteinizing hormone (LH) Secretion fo sex hormones and stimulation of ovulation .
What are two hormones released from the posterior pituitary and what are their actions?
Antidiuretic Hormone ( ADH or vasopressin) -Water balance and osmolarity. Oxytocin- Milk ejection.
What hormone is released from the pineal gland and what is its action?
Melatonin- May be involved in circadian rhythms, plays in important role in timing of seasonal processes in mammals.
What hormone(s) are released from the thyroid and parathyroid gland and what are their actions?
They regulate metabolism.
- T4: Tetraidodothyronine (thyroxin)
-T3: Tridthyronine
-Calcitonin- Regulates calcium levels in the blood and decreases Ca2+ in blood.
Parathyroid Gland
-Secretes Parathyroid hormone-
Regulated vacuum levels in the blood and increase Ca2+ in blood.
What hormone(s) are released from the adrenal gland and what are their actions?
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) Regulates the body's response to stress. Regulates sodium and potassium levels Glucocorticoids- (cortisol) Regulates the body's response to stress. Regulates metabolism Sex hormones (androgens) -Regulates reproduce function.
How is the release of endocrine hormones regulated?
It is done either directly by the endocrine gland or indirectly through the action of the hypothalamus of the brain. This then maintains levels.
Define hyposecretion, hypersecretion, primary and secondary endocrine disorders.
Hypo-secretion- To little- type mellitus type 1
Hyper-secretion- to much. acromegaly
Primary- Endocrine disorder- Abnormality in the endocrine organ secreting the hormone
Secondary- Endocrine disorder. Abnormality in tropic hormone, hypothalamic tropic hormone, anterior pituitary tropic hormone.
Is the endocrine classified as an intrinsic or extrinsic regulator of the human body?
We are Extrinsic classified for the human body.
What is the overall function of the cardiovascular system?
-Transportation of nutrients and oxygen to all cells in body.
-Removal of wastes from all cells in body.
Blood in transported medium
Mechanism through which to get blood to pass by all cells in body.
What are three major components of the cardiovascular system?
- Heart- Acts as a pump for blood
- Blood Vessels- Passageways for blood.
- Blood- Transport medium.
Describe the general anatomy of the heart.
- Size of clenched fist, located in chest cavity, midway between stream and backbone
- Broad base at top of heart, tapers to the apex at the bottom
- Top lies to right of sternum, apex in to left to sternum.
How is the heart oriented?
The anterior aspect is the right ventricle while the posterior aspect shows the left atrium. Cardiac muscle called myocardium looks like striations similar to skeletal muscle.
