Exam 3: lecture

Question 1

What were the origins of the French Revolution?

Answer 1

August 15, 1785, the diamond necklace affair
August 20, 1786, the fiscal crisis of the French state
September 25, 1788, the noble’s revolt
July 14, 1789, Bastille Day

Question 2

What, for example, was the significance of the Diamond Necklace Affair?

Answer 2

-Picture of the affair of the queen and the cardinal
-Cardinals interests in Marie antenute
-If the queen is open to seduction that means not everything is happy at home with Louis the 16th.
-They were having trouble having a kid
-The cardinal is a very rich man he is the treasurer of France and at this time France was the richest country
-He was open to using this money to endure the queen
-Why do we care about this?
-Scandals that involve the royal family and the church
-French old regime: primarily cultural reality, established church and sacral king
~If the king cannot perform his function and the queen is being seduced the church recognizes there is no respect in their position
~Church and state are affected by this scandal
-Cultural crisis in the old regime: its culture first and economics second
-Louis the 16th lost the support of the church and lost the charismatic authority

Question 3

What were the origins of “the Fiscal Crisis of the French state”?

Answer 3

The bankruptcy of absolutism: international war, royal extravagance, or tax privilege?
Having trouble gaining income
It is because France does not tax the wealthy
Wealthy have privilege
Taxes fall on peasants
Privilege; fiscal crisis

Question 4

What was the “Nobles Revolt”?

Answer 4

Order or class: a social contradiction
He calls an estates general: a french legislative body(equivalent to parliament in England)
1614 was the last estates general but we’re not done consistently so people did not know how to do it
In 1788 the French High Court made a decision
We will have an estates general and they will each order with an equal number of representatives and decisions will be taken by order and not by the head
There are 3 votes by order not by head
The first and second order(2 votes each) comprise maybe 2.5% of the French population
Clergy and nobility
The third order(1vote): 97.5% of the French population
The commons or everybody else
ORDER OVER CLASS
Even though the social reality has changed
The revolution revolutionized the bourgeoisie

Question 5

What was the significance of the abbé (Emmanuel-Joseph) Sieyès’s pamphlet
What is the Third Estate?

Answer 5

Emmaneual-Joseph Sieyes
What is the third estate? January 1789- second most famous pamphlet
We have three questions to ask:
What is the third estate? Everything
What has it been up to now in the political order? Nothing.
What does it demand? To become something

Question 6

What motivated artisans and shopkeepers to attack the Bastille on July 14, 1789?

Answer 6

The agrarian cycle and popular mobilization
Louis the 16th: I hear my people and it’s unjust so now this order gets 3 votes
Does not change anything
Paris gets troops and it seems that they are gonna by force on the estate general
The people of Paris turned out because they were hungry and are in the middle of an agrarian crisis
Culture problem—-> social problem—->political crisis—–> economic:agrarian crisis

Question 7

How did the so-called Radical Revolution of 1792 differ from the Liberal (or “Moderate”) Revolution of 1789?

Answer 7

The Radical Revolution- 1792-1794
The 1793 declaration of the rights of man and citizen (Robespierre)
Political equality
Social equality
The levee en masse(August 16.1793) and the terror
Every single person in France is essentially drafted into the revolution
All property was mobilized “The levy(mobilization) shall be general”
The Constitution of 1793: the republic
There is no more king or king it turns into a republic
A positive conception of liberty and Maximilian Robespierre: reports on political morality
He talks about virtue and terror; not a limited sense of liberty (people can do whatever they wish when they wish)
The positive conception goes back to ancient liberty; what you want is a gov that images in virtues uplift
Willing to bear arms for the revolution
A republic of virtue
If they didn’t want to be virtuous then there was the terror to make them want to be virtuous
Enemies: Prussia, Austria, England (pentagon shape)
Vandee: revolution
Lyon: revolution, federalist result
French were victorious everywhere

Declaration of Rights on Man and Civilization (1789) DRMC
Ascribe rights to man
Burke: what in the world is man
Rational
Abstract rights: pertain in all times and all places
Burke: not to burke they are historical achievements
He preferred the rights of English men to the rights of man metaphysically ascribed
He specifically chose rhetoric that contrasted the French revolution

Question 8

The class presentation on the French Revolutions turned on the differences between two Declarations of the Rights of Man and Citizen. (For copies, see the Brightspace Primary Source Documents for this topic.) Who was primarily responsible for drafting the 1789 Declaration?

Answer 8

Marquis de Lafayette

Question 9

With whom did the class presentation associate the 1793 Declaration?

Answer 9

Maximilian Robespierre

Question 10

What the expression the rule of law signifies

Answer 10

A just and orderly society based on the idea that everyone is subject to the law and that is applied equally to all people

Question 11

the differences among civil rights, political rights, and social rights and

Answer 11

Civil rights: equality before the law; the law treats everyone in the same way

Political rights: equality of participation in making of the law; like who gets to vote

Social rights: equality of access to the benefits of society; like who gets to work, and have an education

Question 12

the difference between (what Isaiah Berlin called) a negative and a positive conception of liberty.

Answer 12

Positive: reports on political morality; He talks about virtue and terror; not a limited sense of liberty (people can do whatever they wish when they wish); The positive conception goes back to ancient liberty; what you want is a gov that images in virtues uplift; willing to bear arms for the revolution; a republic of virtue; “freedom to”

Negative: refers to freedom from external interference or constraints essentially forming the “freedom from” concept

Question 13

There is also a course outline that defines “the rule of law.”

Answer 13

Clear laws applied uniformly to all persons; open dispute resolution; open government; accountability: violations sanctioned

Question 14

Historians typically present 1799, the year that Napoleon Bonaparte came to power, as yet another French Revolution. What was the relationship of the Napoleonic regime to the preceding history of the Revolution?

Answer 14

He aspires to end the revolution around himself and get rid of the government
He is for civil rights
The Napoleonic code and the notables:
Property rights should not have to be questioned
Notables: biggest property owners in France
The prefectorial system and the concordat of 1801
Centralizes government
Cenrtalizeds the church around himself

Question 15

What did Alexis de Tocqueville make of the Napoleonic Revolution?

Answer 15

Critics Napoleon
Democracy in America (1835)
The old regime and french revolution (1859)
Victorious materialism and democratic despotism
Administrative centralization
These three are the same and his critique of Napoleon
Egalitarian individualism vs. self-government and political liberty
His solution
Egalitarian: everyone is the same because everyone has stuff
He values liberty over equality

Question 16

Tocqueville’s

Answer 16

Old Regime and French Revolution (1856).

Question 17

What, for Tocqueville, is the relationship between what he calls “liberty” and what he calls “democracy”? (Please remember here that the U.S. experience suggests these two terms could converge in meaning; Tocqueville’s European experience suggested that these two terms were at least as likely to diverge in meaning.)

Answer 17

Liberty: everyone is equal
Democracy: Administrative centralization

Question 18

What is the relationship of Tocqueville’s “individualism” to Tocqueville’s “liberty” and Tocqueville’s “democracy”?

Answer 18

He values liberty over equality
Individualism: a threat to both liberty and democracy as it can lead to detachment from the wider community and a focus on a person’s interests
liberty/democracy: every individual is, politically equal; everyone is the same because everyone has stuff

Question 19

This third topic of the course (“An Age of Ideologies”) corresponds to three core texts

Answer 19

Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790),

Pope Leo XIII’s encyclical Rerum Novarum (1891), and

Karl Marx’s and Friedrich Engels’s Communist Manifesto (1848).

Question 20

What is political romanticism? The answer to this question turns on the contrast between the philosophical premises embedded in Burke’s use of the “ancient constitution” and the philosophical premises of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789. You should be able to make this contrast. In making this contrast do NOT confuse our earlier discussion of the contents of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789 with the present discussion of how the (political philosophical) premises of Burke’s political theory differ from the general (political philosophical) premises of the Liberal Revolution. There is a course outline summarizing these differences

Answer 20

Going from the Declaration of Rights on Man and Citizen to the ancient constitution
Ancient constitution(1790): the ancient standing law, habit, great mysterious incorporation, holy function
1. Common law constitution
Case law; empirical
2. Habit (ethos)
Historical; grown-up over time
3. Great mysterious incorporation
Cor- it a body; organic community
The whole is greater than its parts
4. Religion
Sacred
DRMC(1789): natural rights, abstract(man), mechanical, a society of individuals, secular, tolerance/opinions
Ascribe rights to man
Burke: what in the world is man
Rational
Abstract rights: pertain in all times and all places
Burke: not to burke they are historical achievements
He preferred the rights of English men to the rights of man metaphysically ascribed
He specifically chose rhetoric that contrasted the French revolution

LOOK AT IMAGE ON STUDY GUIDE

Question 21

What does Burke mean by the principles of prejudice and prudence?

Answer 21

Prejudice: the latent wisdom of inherited institutions
The country gentlemen( the emodiment of the common law and healthy habit)
The country curate (the embodiment of the great mysterious incorporation and the religious basis(feeling)of civil society)

Prudence: the fundamental political virtue of a stateman
At one to preserve and to reform”
“We compensate, we reconcile, we balance”
The effect of liberty on individuals is that they may do what they please; we ought to see what it will please them to do, so before we risk congratulations

Question 22

How does Burke transform the doux commerce scenario of David Hume? In other words, how does Burke’s understanding of the relationship between markets and morality differ from Hume’s understanding of the relationship of markets and morality?

Answer 22

Burke does not like men of the theory comes from DRMC
He is not a fan of intellectuals being engaged in politics
Monied interests
accounting > accountability
Morality → markets
Disagreeing with David Hume
In political theory, he agreed but he disagreed with economic
Morality is the pre-condition for economics

Question 23

When Burke writes of an “ignoble oligarchy,” of whom is he thinking?

Answer 23

-Why is this “oligarchy” “ignoble?” This argument in Burke has affinities with the argument of the encyclical Rerum Novarum.
-Reflections of the Revolution of France (1789)
-Critique of financial capitalism
-Burke likes fixed (in a barn or like a factory) but money(liquid) has a problem with
-The real workings of the economy belong to a group outside of normal experience
-Money can go in fast and leave quickly
-Money to burke means everything becomes a question for accounting
-Liquid capital tends to favor short-term gain
-Property capital tends to favor long-term gain
-Burkes about Main Street, not Wall Street

Question 24

You should also be able to summarize the chief elements of the social Catholicism of Leo XIII.

Answer 24

upholding the inherent dignity of the human person, advocating for the right to private property while emphasizing the responsibility to use it for the common good, supporting workers’ rights to fair wages and the freedom to form unions, promoting the principle of subsidiarity where issues should be addressed at the most local level possible, and calling for the state to play a role in ensuring social justice and protecting the vulnerable within society, all while condemning extreme forms of socialism and capitalism that exploited workers.
There is a social problem. This social problem is fundamentally a problem of decorporization and demoralization

Question 25

What is the difference between an inclusive definition of property and an exclusive definition of property?

Answer 25

Against an exclusive definition of property (property as private dominion) back to an inclusive definition of property (property as the “proper” in the moral senses and as “propriety” in the social sense)

Question 26

Which understanding of property is Leo XIII using in Rerum Novarum?

Answer 26

upholds the concept of private property as a natural right, meaning that every individual has an inherent right to own property based on their ability to work and contribute to society, and this right is essential for human dignity and the common good;

Question 27

What years correspond to these events? In other words, and for the second time, you should have a general command of the chronology of the major events in nineteenth-century European history. If you do not recall from the class presentations or did not take notes, Perry WC can answer these questions.

Answer 27

Waterloo 1815—> resteration1830 the revolution of 1830—>[liberalism]1848 the manifesto—>1858 Napolean III

Question 28

What are the distinctive political and economic arguments of early nineteenth-century liberalism?

Answer 28

Political Variations of “Old Liberalism.”
Tocqueville and “political association”
Constant and “ancient and modern liberty”
Mill and the “liberal harm principle”
The Chartists and (democratic) “radicalism”
The Economic Argument of “Old Liberalism.”
The Manchester School, The Economist, and laissez-faire
Hobson and “feudal shackles”

Question 29

You should be able to summarize Benjamin Constant’s distinction between “ancient liberty” and “modern liberty” or the “liberal harm principle” of John Stuart Mill.

Answer 29

Benjamin Constant- ancient versus modern liberty 1814
Ancients value positive conceptions of liberty
Most of the enjoyment for modern people lies in their private lives
We do not want to go back to the positive; the negative conception of liberty is good enough for modern- freedom from government, critical peace
It kills people
No morals = terror
He criticizes Robess Pierre and Napolean

Question 30

What, for example, was the Manchester School?

Answer 30

Samuel Smile- The Manchester School and LaissezFaire-1859
Their own free and individual dependent individual action
Says the same thing 5 times to emphasize
Opposite of Leo bc it emphasizes the individual over the community
Class liberalism
He does not think there’s a social problem at all
Industry enables men to earn their living; it should also enable them to learn to live

Question 31

The class presentation (and related course outline) called this argument the “feudal shackles” thesis. How does the selection from J.A. Hobson illustrate this thesis?

Answer 31

1902- The Feudal Shackle thesis:
Channels Adam Smith when critiquing mercantilism
If there’s a problem in the marketplace place then politics has kept the market from working
It’s not the economy’s fault it’s the government’s fault

Question 32

What are the four elements of Liberal Feminism that the class presentation identified? And with whom did the class presentation associate these claims?

Answer 32

1. Women and men share a common rational nature
   a. Biological differences are irrelevant to civil
   and political arrangements
   b. Apparent differences in rationality are
   attributable to nurture not nature.
2. Civil equality for women
3. Political equality for women
4. The ideal of marital equality (the metaphors of contract or friendship)

Question 33

which in the New Liberalism?

Answer 33

A “New Liberalism”
(Hobhouse, Green, Churchill)
1. The Political Theory of New Liberalism:
a. From a negative conception of liberty to …
b. A positive conception of liberty (community welfare)
2. The Economic Theory of New Liberalism
a. From civil and political equality to …
b. equality of social rights

Question 34

Who were G.W.F. Hegel and Ludwig Feuerbach and what were their roles in Marx’s context?

Answer 34

G.W.F. Hegel and Ludwig Feuerbach were both German philosophers who significantly influenced Karl Marx’s thought, with Hegel providing the framework of dialectics and Feuerbach introducing a materialist critique of religion that Marx adopted and adapted to develop his own theory of historical materialism;

Question 35

When did Marx write the Communist Manifesto?

Answer 35

1848

Question 36

Particularly useful in capturing Marx’s understanding of the social problem is the primary source document “Wage Labour and Capital” (1847).

Answer 36

We have thus seen that even the most favorable situation for the working class, namely, the most rapid growth of capital, however much it may improve the material life of the worker, does not abol- ish the antagonism between his interests and the interests of the capitalist. Profit and wages remain as before, in inverse proportion.
If capital grows rapidly, wages may rise, but the profit of capital rises disproportionately faster. The material position of the worker has improved, but at the cost of his social position. The social chasm that separates him from the capitalist has widened.