Exam 3 lecture 1

Question 1

What is a diuretic?

What is a natriuretic?

Answer 1

• increases urine volume.
• increases Na+ secretion followed by water through osmosis.

Question 2

Common area for targets with diuretics

Answer 2

Membrane transport proteins

Question 3

What is water permeable segments of a nephron?

Answer 3

Treated with osmodiuretics in the kidney tubule. Water stays in the tubule instead of the surrounding connective tissue.

Question 4

Enzyme inhibition for diuretics

Answer 4

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Question 5

Diuretics that Interfere with hormone receptors

Answer 5

RAAS in regards to aldosterone inhibitor to increase urine output.

Question 6

What is SGLT 2 and diuretics?

Answer 6

Glucose transporters, can also push out excess water.

Associated with anti diabetic drugs.

Question 7

Kidneys main function

Answer 7

Filter the blood, get rid of waste products (i.e. ammonia) may lead to coma, death

Question 8

How is ammonia broken down and excreted?

Answer 8

Ammonia is broken down to protein then converted to urea > made in the liver > transported to the blood > excreted from the kidneys

Question 8

What is a hilum?

Answer 8

Area where the Renal artery/vein comes into. This has an exit called the ureter.

Question 9

What is the ureter?

Answer 9

Exits the hilum and forms the urinary bladder.

Question 10

What is a urethra?

Answer 10

Comes from the bladder and exits out of the body.

Question 11

Name for the outer section of the kidney

Answer 11

Cortex

Question 12

Name of the inner section of the kidney

Answer 12

Medulla

medullary pyramids found inside this

Question 13

nephrons

Answer 13

(800k - 1M in each kidney)
tube structures where blood is filtered, reabsorbed and produces urine.

Question 14

glomerulus

Answer 14

convoluted tubule for 100% blood filtration, reabsorb

Question 15

Renal corpuscle

Answer 15

• where the glomerulus and Bowmans capsule is found.

Question 16

Bowmans capsule

Answer 16

-The beginning of the nephron

-is an epithelial cell, connective tissue that surrounds the glomerulus.

Question 17

Renal tubule

Answer 17

proximal tubule

loop of hence (thick descending limb and thin descending limb)

distal convoluted tubule dumps into the collecting ducts

Question 18

collecting ducts

Answer 18

Begins where the nephron ends

Question 19

podocytes provide filtration of the….

Answer 19

glomerulus (vascular), very leaky for filtration. Blood cells and proteins don’t pass through here.

Question 20

If there’s protein in urine (proteinuria)

Answer 20

Something is wrong with the kidneys

Question 21

(Juxtaglomerular apparatus)

-macula dense cells

-juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 21

-sodium delivery, monitor fluid pressure,

-activates RAAS, regulates blood flow in the glomerulus by contracting, dilating its vessels

Question 22

Is there a glomeruli in the medulla?

Answer 22

No , only found in the cortex!

Question 23

Peritubular capillaries

Answer 23

for secretion an reabsorption

Question 24

Capillaries that surround the Loop of Henle, reabsorb ions

Answer 24

Vasa Recta

Question 25

Why don’t we wanna lose bicarb in renal system?

Answer 25

It balances our pH

Question 26

Only time we excrete glucose in the urine

Answer 26

when we have too much in the blood

Question 27

If we filter 100%, how much is reabsorbed?

Answer 27

80% in proximal tubule, 6% loop of henle, 9% distal tubule, 4% collecting tubule

Question 28

What is direct renal auto regulation?

Answer 28

regulate pressure in kidneys, decrease secretion of NO, arteriole constricts > decrease blood flow in glomerulus

Question 29

What is neural regulation?

Answer 29

activates SNS, NOREPI/ EPI, increase renin, regulate blood flow in the glomerulus

Question 30

What is hormonal regulation?

Answer 30

Endocrine hormones, EPI in blood stream to regulate blood flow in the glomerulus

Question 31

Proximal tubule

Answer 31

reabsorbs bicarbonate, NaCl, glucose, amino acids, K+, water

Question 32

Ex. Older diuretics

Answer 32

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor > works on the proximal convoluted tubule > targets NaCl, NaCO3, caffeine > bicarb loss

Question 33

What are adenosine receptors?

Answer 33

Receptors for sodium

Question 34

Na/H+ exchanger

Answer 34

Na+ influx, H+ efflux

Question 35

What does carbonic anhydrase do?

Answer 35

ICF
Traps H+ so it can bind to bicarb to make carbonic acid, converts to H2O and CO2

ECF
Reattaches H2O to CO2 > H2CO3 > H+ , HCO3 > HCO3 back to blood stream

Question 36

Acatazolamide

Answer 36

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor > Na+, HCO3, H2O in urine.

Only diuretic that waste bicarb causing low pH

also cause loss K+

Question 37

Where does mannitol work mainly?

Answer 37

In the whole nephron but the proximal tubule primarily.

contributes to osmolality.

Question 39

what is osmolarity?

Answer 39

specific ion/molecule in a solution

Question 40

baseline body fluids osmolality

Answer 40

300 mOsm/kg.

Question 41

Change of osmolality from kidney cortex to the medulla

Answer 41

Cortex (300 mOsm/kg)
Medulla (1200 mOsm/kg)

Question 42

Why is the medulla 1200 mOsm?

Answer 42

Reabsorption of sodium occurs here before it gets into the blood stream.